Amne adverso : Roman legal heritage in European culture / Laurent Waelkens.
2015
KJA147 .W3413 2015 (Map It)
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Title
Amne adverso : Roman legal heritage in European culture / Laurent Waelkens.
Uniform Title
Civium causa. English
Published
Leuven : Leuven University Press, [2015]
Call Number
KJA147 .W3413 2015
ISBN
9789462700543
9462700540
9462700540
Description
424 pages ; 24 cm
Other Standard Identifiers
9789462700543
System Control No.
(OCoLC)925391265
Summary
Introduction to the history of Roman law and its institutions. 0Throughout its history, Europe has been influenced by Roman culture, a culture with a strong sense of society and highly legal-minded. Hence, Roman law is of major importance in European thinking. It was the first subject to be taught at university and it remains tightly interwoven with all layers of European civilisation. This book provides an introduction to the history of Roman law and its institutions, as they developed from Antiquity until the nineteenth century. Concepts such as fundamental rights and freedoms, lawsuits, family law, rights in rem, and obligations have their origins in classical Antiquity and were developed further throughout European history. The historical processing of our Roman legal heritage is treated from the perspective of comparative legal history. The book is written for undergraduate law students, but is also relevant for scholars from other disciplines.
Note
Introduction to the history of Roman law and its institutions. 0Throughout its history, Europe has been influenced by Roman culture, a culture with a strong sense of society and highly legal-minded. Hence, Roman law is of major importance in European thinking. It was the first subject to be taught at university and it remains tightly interwoven with all layers of European civilisation. This book provides an introduction to the history of Roman law and its institutions, as they developed from Antiquity until the nineteenth century. Concepts such as fundamental rights and freedoms, lawsuits, family law, rights in rem, and obligations have their origins in classical Antiquity and were developed further throughout European history. The historical processing of our Roman legal heritage is treated from the perspective of comparative legal history. The book is written for undergraduate law students, but is also relevant for scholars from other disciplines.
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
Preface
15
Introduction: The science of Roman law
19
1.
purpose of the study of Roman law
19
1.
component of academic thought
19
2.
comprehension of the ius commune, the common law of Europe
20
3.
Historical School as causa efficiens of the study of Roman law
22
4.
study of Roman law as Dogmengeschichte'
24
Conclusion: the methodology of Roman law
24
2.
Roman law as a science
26
1.
Legal science
26
2.
charms of classical philology
27
3.
Palaeography and textual criticism
32
4.
Historical criticism
34
5.
history of philosophy
35
3.
external framework of the science
35
ch. I
Overview of the external history and the sources of Roman law
37
1.
Kingdom and the early Republic (7th century BC-367 BC)
38
1.
Kingdom
38
2.
early Republic (509 BC-367 BC)
39
2.
heyday of the Republic (367 BC-17 BC)
42
1.
Senate
43
2.
voting assemblies and their leges
45
3.
magistracy and the edicts
46
A.
consuls
47
B.
praetors
47
C.
censors
48
D.
aediles
49
E.
quaestors
50
F.
tribunes of the people
51
G.
provincial governors
51
Conclusion
51
4.
jurists
51
3.
early Empire or Principate (17 BC - 284 AD)
52
1.
institutions of the Principate
53
A.
imperial provinces
53
B.
emperor and the republican institutions
56
C.
institutions of the capital
58
2.
Classical Roman law
58
A.
Famous jurists
58
B.
constitutions
60
C.
Classical law
62
4.
late Empire
63
1.
era of Diocletian
64
A.
Tetrarchy
64
B.
Roman law under Diocletian
65
2.
fourth century and Christianity
66
A.
Constantine the Great
66
B.
Theodosius the Great
67
C.
Roman law and Christianity
69
3.
Legal texts from the fourth and fifth centuries
72
A.
Old witnesses
72
B.
Theodosian Code
73
4.
Justinianic law
76
A.
Codex Justinianus
77
B.
Digest
78
C.
Institutes
79
D.
Novels
79
5.
Back to the West
81
5.
tradition of Roman law in the Germanic kingdoms
81
1.
continuation of Roman law
81
2.
case law in the so-called Germanic kingdoms
84
3.
influence of feudalism
86
4.
Legal education in the early Middle Ages
89
6.
reception of Roman law through the bishops and the Church
90
1.
Roman origins of canon law
90
2.
development of canon law in the early Middle Ages
92
3.
establishment of the officialities and the adoption of Roman law
94
4.
Canon law at the universities
97
7.
reception of Justinianic law at the universities
100
1.
glossators of Bologna
100
2.
commentators
104
3.
medieval scope of Roman law
107
8.
reception of Roman law in the Early Modern Era
107
1.
advent and the repression of Greek culture
108
2.
sovereign monarchical lawcourts
111
3.
Changes at the law faculty of Leuven
114
A.
Renaissance in legal doctrine
114
B.
Reformist legal doctrine
115
C.
Humanism in law
116
D.
precursors of natural law
117
4.
Subjective law
118
9.
Roman law after 1600
119
1.
From natural law to the forum intern um
120
2.
Three new branches of law
121
A.
From Roman civil rights to private law
121
B.
origin of public law
122
C.
origin of international law
123
3.
success of legal doctrine
123
4.
From royal sovereign councils to democratic rights
124
5.
Nineteenth-century Roman law
125
6.
Roman law of the twentieth century
126
ch. II
Libertas and freedom, from civil law to human rights
129
1.
military status libertatis
129
2.
political status libertatis
130
3.
Thinking about freedom
132
4.
From Roman to medieval freedom
133
S.
Libertas and ciuitas in medieval legal doctrine
135
6.
Civil rights and absolutism
136
7.
individual rights of the seventeenth century
138
Conclusion
139
ch. III
law of civil procedure
141
1.
republican civil procedure
141
2.
formulary procedure
142
1.
preliminary hearing before the praetor
142
A.
Summons and the institution of proceedings
142
B.
Provisional measures
143
C.
actio
144
D.
defence before the praetor
145
E.
litiscontestatio
146
F.
Appeal against the praetor
147
2.
phase before the judge
147
3.
execution of the sentence and insolvency
149
3.
aedilician procedure
150
4.
imperial cognitio extra ordinem
150
A.
Jurisdiction
151
B.
Summons
152
C.
preliminary hearing
153
D.
Treatment on the merits
154
E.
execution
154
Conclusion
155
5.
Romano-canonical procedure
155
1.
episcopalis audientia
155
2.
ecclesiastical jurisdiction in the early Middle Ages
157
3.
Romano-canonical procedure in the Middle Ages
159
A.
In the twelfth century
159
B.
In the thirteenth century
160
C.
introduction of the Romano-canonical procedure
161
6.
Appeals
164
1.
In the formulary procedure
164
2.
In the cognitio procedure
165
3.
In the late Empire
166
A.
With whom were appeals filed?
166
B.
When was it possible to file an appeal?
167
C.
Interlocutory appeals
168
D.
scope of appeals
168
4.
From Justinian to the Middle Ages
168
5.
rebirth of appeals
169
A.
appellate judge
170
B.
Actions of nullity
171
C.
Interlocutory appeals
172
D.
Admissibility of appeals in criminal law
173
E.
Appeals against ecclesiastical courts
173
F.
Appeals against imperial rescripts
174
G.
Objections
175
H.
manner of appealing
175
6.
reintroduction of appeals in practice
176
7.
Evidence in Roman law
177
1.
In the oldest Roman law
178
2.
In the classical period
178
3.
In the late Empire
179
4.
In the early Middle Ages
180
5.
law of evidence of the Romano-canonical procedure
182
A.
Notoriety
182
B.
Full evidence
184
C.
Imperfect and additional evidence
184
D.
burden of proof
185
E.
judge's own knowledge
185
6.
evolution in the Early Modern Era
186
8.
Conflicts of legal norms
187
1.
Classical rules pertaining to conflict of laws
188
A.
In the Republic
188
B.
In the Empire
189
2.
In the ius commune
190
A.
Which custom was applicable?
190
B.
Does the ius commune take precedence over customary law?
191
3.
In the Early Modern Era
191
ch. IV
law of persons
193
1.
paterfamilias, the main actor in the court
194
1.
Familia and paterfamilias
194
2.
familia of a woman
195
3.
Could a paterfamilias kill the members of his familia?
196
4.
Losing patria potestas
198
5.
medieval family
198
2.
Family members
201
1.
paterfamilias
202
2.
Wives
202
3.
Descendants
203
4.
Legitimi
205
5.
Adoption
207
6.
Adrogatio
209
7.
Nexum
209
8.
People in mancipio
210
A.
Mancipium
210
B.
Slavery
210
C.
Manumissio
212
D.
Medieval slavery
214
E.
Slavery in the Early Modern Era
215
3.
Limited liability for family members
216
1.
actio de peculio
217
2.
actio de peculio et de in rem uerso
218
3.
actio noxalis
219
4.
Extension to people who are not members of the familia
220
5.
In the Middle Ages and Early Modern Era
221
4.
Man and woman
224
1.
Relationships between men and women in Roman law
224
A.
Coniugium and coniunctio
224
B.
Vir et uxor
225
C.
Concubinatus
225
D.
Nuptiae
226
E.
Matrimonium
227
F.
Diuortium
228
G.
Manus
231
2.
reception of man-woman relationships
232
A.
early Middle Ages
232
B.
development of marriage in the twelfth century
233
C.
development of marriage in the thirteenth century
234
D.
nationalisation of marriage in the Early Modern Era
235
Conclusion
236
5.
Marital property law
237
6.
protection of liable minors
239
1.
Guardianship
239
2.
Types of guardians
240
3.
remedies of the pupil
242
4.
Curatorship of people under the age of twenty-five
244
7.
Associations and legal persons
246
1.
Trade with the government in the Roman law of Antiquity
246
A.
Trade with the government in the Republic
246
B.
Trade with the government in the Empire
246
2.
Trade with civil associations in Antiquity
248
A.
Familia
248
B.
Fiducia
248
C.
Societas
249
D.
Curia
250
3.
Trade with associations in the Middle Ages
251
A.
Abbeys and bishoprics
251
B.
Colleges and universities
252
4.
fictitious person in the Early Modern Era
253
A.
Incorporation
253
B.
In public law
254
C.
In the private law of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries
255
ch. V
law of inheritance
257
1.
Hereditary succession
257
1.
composition of the estate
257
2.
division
259
A.
Towards civil law in the Republic and the early Empire
259
B.
Adjustments in the praetor's edict
259
C.
Post-classical heirs
260
D.
Novel 118
261
E.
complaint on account of an undutiful will (querela inofficiosi testaments)
261
F.
Obtaining the inheritance
262
G.
reception of Roman inheritance law
262
2.
Wills
265
1.
Form
266
A.
mancipatory will
266
B.
praetorian will (bonorum possessio secundum tabular)
266
C.
post-classical evolution
267
2.
Contents
268
A.
testamentary disposition
268
B.
Special legacy
269
C.
Fideicommissa
271
D.
codicil
273
3.
reception of the will in a nutshell
273
ch. VI
law of property
277
Introduction: real rights
277
1.
Possession
278
1.
Possession and interdict
278
2.
Protection of the possession of goods in Antiquity
279
A.
functions of the possession of goods
279
B.
Conditions for the protection of the possession of goods in the classical Roman law
280
C.
Extinctive prescription
281
3.
medieval reception of possession
283
A.
Possession of immovable goods
283
B.
Possession and ownership
284
C.
reception of the case-law concerning possession
284
4.
Possession in the Early Modern Era
285
2.
Ownership
286
1.
Ownership and reiuindicatio in Antiquity
287
A.
Reiuindicatio
287
B.
Remedies with equivalent consequences
288
C.
scope of the notion of ownership in Antiquity
289
2.
Evolution in the Middle Ages
290
A.
feudal law
290
B.
influence of the moral theologians
293
C.
Bartolus' notion of ownership
294
3.
development towards the single and individual notion of ownership of the Early Modern Era
296
3.
acquisition of ownership
299
1.
Transfer
299
A.
Acquisition from another familia
299
B.
Acknowledged means of transfer
300
2.
Informal transfer, i.e. traditio
301
A.
actual transfer
302
B.
Delivery pursuant to a valid title
302
C.
Possession serves as a title
303
D.
development towards a consensual transfer of ownership
304
E.
Retention of title
305
3.
Acquisitive prescription (usucapio)
306
4.
Natural ways of acquiring ownership
307
A.
Occupation
307
B.
Perception of fruits
308
C.
Accession
308
4.
Usufruct and servitudes
310
1.
Praedial servitudes (iura praediorum)
310
A.
Definition and types
310
B.
establishment of praedial servitudes
311
C.
termination of praedial servitudes
312
D.
reception of praedial servitudes
312
2.
Usufruct
312
A.
Definition
312
B.
Remedies at law
313
C.
reception of usufruct
313
5.
Real securities
314
1.
Legal acts in the law of pledge
314
2.
actiofiduciae
315
3.
actin pigneraticia
316
4.
actin seruiana
318
5.
Consequences of the in rem character of the claim on account of pledge
319
6.
Pledges by operation of law
320
7.
selection from the reception of the Roman law of pledge
321
ch. VII
law of obligations
323
1.
Obligations in general
324
1.
Obligations and liability
324
2.
law of obligations and canon law
325
3.
Sources of obligations
326
4.
Sources of obligations arising from contracts
328
A.
Obligations arising from the transfer of a good (contractus re)
328
B.
Obligations arising from words (contractus uerbis)
329
C.
Obligations arising from writing (contractus litteris)
329
D.
Obligations arising from consensus (contractus consensu)
330
5.
Specific and generic obligations
330
6.
Alternative obligations
331
7.
Natural obligations
331
2.
Strict obligations
333
1.
Stipulations (stipulatio)
334
A.
verbal contract (contractus uerbis)
334
B.
Written stipulations?
335
2.
Transfer and nouatio
336
A.
relativity of strict obligations
336
B.
Nouatio
337
3.
Strict securities
338
A.
Sponsio, fidepromissio, fideiussio in Antiquity
338
B.
Reception
339
C.
Solidary liability (in solidum)
340
4.
Mutuum
341
5.
From the stipulation to English contracts
341
3.
Obligations e bonafide (in good faith)
343
1.
Bona fide obligations in Antiquity
343
A.
Actiones e bonafide
343
B.
exceptio doli
344
2.
Liability for bona fide obligations according to the legists
345
A.
Dolus and culpa lata
346
B.
Culpa leuis
346
C.
Culpa leuissima
347
D.
Force majeure (uis maior)
348
3.
fusion of civil law and canon law in the sixteenth century
348
A.
Good faith in all obligations
349
B.
enforceability of formless agreements (pacta sunt seruanda)
349
C.
clausula rebus sic stantibus
351
D.
tacit termination clause
351
E.
Prejudice
352
F.
causality of obligations
353
G.
Intention as the source of liability
354
Conclusion
356
4.
Obligations arising from delict
356
1.
Retaliatory actions
357
2.
actio furti (theft)
358
3.
actio legis aquiliae (torts)
361
A.
contents of the lex aquilia
361
B.
Extension through the broad interpretation of principal conditions
362
C.
Extension in the case of the injuring or killing of free people
363
D.
aquilian claim and unjust enrichment
365
E.
aquilian claim in the Early Modern Period
367
4.
Delictual liability
368
A.
Liability for public and civil delicts
368
B.
Guilt and intent
370
C.
From intent to liability
371
5.
Obligations arising from quasi-delicts
373
5.
Purchase-sale
374
1.
consensual agreement with regard to specific objects
374
2.
obligations of the seller (the object of the actio empti)
376
A.
Transfer
376
B.
Guarantee against eviction (euictio)
377
C.
Liability for the good that has not been delivered yet
378
D.
Liability for hidden defects
378
3.
Clauses that can cancel a sale
380
4.
Error (error)
380
6.
Locatio conductio
383
1.
Locatio conductio rei
383
A.
Definition
383
B.
parties' obligations
384
C.
Position of the lessee in property law
385
D.
Remissio mercedis
386
2.
Locatio conductio operarum (hire of services)
387
3.
Locatio conductio opens (faciendi) (contracting for work)
388
7.
Donations
388
ch. VIII
Socio-economic law
391
1.
Food supply
391
1.
In the Republic
391
2.
In the Principate
392
A.
Establishment of the prefecture for the distribution of grain
392
B.
organisation of the transport of grain
393
C.
promotion of large bakeries
394
D.
During the imperial crisis
394
E.
late Empire
395
3.
reception
397
2.
Roman forms of partnership
397
1.
Limited partnerships?
397
2.
actio institoria
398
3.
Societas
400
3.
Means of payment and funding
401
1.
Banks
401
2.
Pecunia constituta
402
Conclusion
405
1.
Roman law is not a legal system
405
2.
Medieval jurists were not looking for 'rational' law
405
3.
Roman law as Christian law?
406
4.
Roman law as ideological law
407
5.
'Der Geist des r6mischen Rechts'
407
Index of legal sources
409
General Index
417