Marine mammal conservation and the law of the sea / Cameron S.G. Jefferies ; preface by John Norton Moore.
2016
K3525 .J44 2016 (Map It)
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Details
Title
Marine mammal conservation and the law of the sea / Cameron S.G. Jefferies ; preface by John Norton Moore.
Published
New York, NY : Oxford University Press, [2016]
Call Number
K3525 .J44 2016
ISBN
9780190493141 (hardback)
0190493143 (hardback)
0190493143 (hardback)
Description
xii, 401 pages : illustrations ; 25 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)941874914
Summary
"Marine mammal conservation remains a hot-button international environmental issue, but progress towards addressing key conservation and management issues within existing governance structures-most notably the International Whaling Commission-has stalled. Cameron Jefferies offers a fresh look at the future of international marine mammal management in a way that advances the ongoing dialog surrounding UNCLOS implementation and effective living marine resource management, while employing the comprehensive rational decision-making model as a theoretical framework. Marine Mammal Conservation and the Law of the Sea lays out and critiques the marine mammal regulatory landscape. It introduces the rational conservation model, and details the modern threats to marine mammals, including climate change, by-catch, environmental pollution, ship strikes. Next, it discusses options for reform under UNCLOS and existing treaties, and finally introduces a new holistic treaty regime based on the rational conversation model, based in part on the UN Fish Stocks Agreement. This book will appeal to scholars, practitioners, and policymakers across public international law, international relations, political science, and environmental policy in the academic, governmental, IO, and NGO spheres."-- Provided by publisher.
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
Preface / John Norton Moore
xi
Acknowledgments
xiii
Abbreviations
xv
1.
Introduction
1
I.
Unfinished Business
1
II.
Conservation, Sustainability, and Other Key Terms
2
III.
Foundational Works
7
IV.
Global Ocean
9
V.
Marine Mammals
10
1.
Scientific Classification, Description, and Distribution
10
2.
Brief History of Human-Marine Mammal Interaction
12
(i).
Utilitarian Relationship
12
(a).
Cetaceans
12
(b).
Pinnipeds
15
(ii).
Cultural Relationship
16
3.
Current Conservation Status of Marine Mammals
17
VI.
Conclusion
19
Notes
19
2.
Current Marine Mammal Regulatory Landscape
33
I.
Resource Type and Economic Considerations
33
II.
Legal Foundation of International Ocean Governance
35
1.
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
36
2.
Species and Area Based Approaches to Marine Mammal Management
38
(i).
Fur Seals and Pinniped Regulation
39
(ii).
Great Whales and "Sustainable" Whaling
41
3.
Other Relevant Treaties and Organizations
50
4.
National Regulation
57
(i).
United States, New Zealand, and Australia
58
(ii).
Nations That Take Marine Mammals
61
(a).
Great Whale Take
61
(b).
Small Cetacean Take
62
(c).
Pinniped Take
62
III.
Conclusion
63
Notes
63
3.
Goals for the Rational Conservation of Marine Mammals and Emerging Ethical Considerations
89
I.
Rational Decision-Making Model
89
1.
Problem Identification and Goal Setting
90
2.
Identification of Past Trends
90
3.
Assessment and Analysis of Alternatives, Decision-Making, and Recommendations
90
II.
Goals for This Work
91
1.
Promote the Rule of Law in the Oceans
91
2.
Expand Species Coverage
91
3.
Expand Issue Coverage
91
4.
Respect Competing Ocean Uses
91
5.
Promote Cooperation and Enhance Global Participation
92
6.
Incorporate Current Principles of International Law
92
7.
Utilizing Science-Based Decision-Making and Conservation Tools That Enable Holistic Management
92
8.
Promote Regional Implementation
92
9.
Build on the Existing Foundation
93
10.
Propose a Rational Arrangement
93
III.
Ethical Considerations
93
1.
Scientific Advances
95
(i).
Cetacean Brain
96
(ii).
Behavior and Culture
97
2.
Marine Mammal Killing Methods
99
3.
Aboriginal Subsistence Whaling
104
4.
Features of a New Response
107
IV.
Conclusion
107
Notes
108
4.
Modern Threats to Marine Mammals
119
I.
Current Threats to Marine Mammals
120
1.
Global Climate Change
120
(i).
Problem
120
(ii).
Current Response
123
2.
By-Catch
125
(i).
Problem
125
(ii).
Current Response
126
3.
Ship-Strikes
127
(i).
Problem
127
(ii).
Current Response
128
4.
Environmental Pollution
130
(i).
Problem
130
(a).
Traditional Pollution Problems
131
(b).
Emerging Concerns
132
(ii).
Current Response
132
5.
Ecotourism (Marine Mammal Tourism)
137
(i).
Problem
137
(ii).
Current Response
138
II.
Features of a New Response
140
III.
Conclusion
141
Notes
141
5.
Case for an Implementing Agreement Pursuant to Articles 65 and 120 of UNCLOS and the Creation of an International Marine Mammal Commission
159
I.
Legally Justified Options for International Marine Mammal Conservation
160
1.
Status Quo
160
2.
Improved ICRW/IWC
160
3.
"Soft" Law Approach
164
4.
Proliferation of Bilateral and/or Regional Agreements
165
5.
Reliance on National Regulation
167
6.
New International Regime
167
II.
UNCLOS Implementing Agreements
171
III.
History and Interpretation of Articles 65 and 120 of UNCLOS
176
1.
Drafting History of Articles 65 and 120
177
2.
Competing Interpretations of Articles 65 and 120
181
3.
Pertinent Characteristics of Articles 65 and 120
181
4.
Contemporaneous and Emerging State/International Organization Interpretations
184
5.
Academic Interpretations
188
6.
Preferred Interpretation(s)
191
IV.
Treaty Termination and International Organization Succession
193
1.
Treaty Termination
193
2.
Dissolution and Succession of International Organizations
195
V.
Jurisdictional Limits
197
VI.
Conclusion
199
Notes
199
6.
Proposal: Part I---The Framework for a New Approach
213
I.
Introduction
213
II.
Constructing the Framework for a UN Marine Mammals Agreement
215
1.
Introductory Matters
215
(i).
Purpose and Objective
215
(ii).
Key Terms
216
(iii).
Scope of the New Regime
218
(iv).
Best Available Scientific Information, Evidence, and Knowledge Standard
221
(v).
Encouraging Developing State Participation
223
(vi).
Developing and Transferring Marine Mammal Related Technologies
223
(vii).
Reservations, Declarations, and Relation to Existing Agreements
224
(viii).
Amending Annex I of UNCLOS
225
2.
Institutional Structure of the Proposed Regime
226
(i).
International Marine Mammal Commission (IMMC)
226
(ii).
IMMC's Subsidiary Structuers
229
(iii).
Transparency in Decision-Making
234
(iv).
Regional Marine Mammal Organizations
235
3.
Compliance, Enforcement, and Dispute Resolution
236
(i).
Non-participant State Problem
236
(ii).
Compliance and Enforcement
238
(iii).
Dispute Resolution
241
4.
Political Obstacles
245
III.
Conclusion
251
Notes
251
7.
Proposal: Part II---The Secretariat, Regionalism, and Marine Protected Areas
269
I.
Introduction
269
II.
Institutional Structure and the Secretariat
270
1.
Commission and Regional Organizations/Arrangements
270
2.
Secretariat
270
III.
Regionalism
275
1.
What Is Regionalism?
275
2.
Benefits and Drawbacks of Regionalism
277
3.
Case Study
279
4.
Regionalism as Contemplated in the Proposed Agreement
282
5.
Conclusion
284
IV.
Marine Protected Areas
284
1.
MPAs Described
285
2.
Relevance of Emerging Science
288
3.
How MPAs Are Currently Utilized by the International Community
290
(i).
ICRW/IWC
290
(ii).
Other International/Regional Arrangements
291
(iii).
Innovative Work
292
(iv).
Prospects Moving Forward
293
V.
Conclusion
295
Notes
295
8.
Concluding Thoughts
307
Notes
312
Appendices
Appendix 1
Extant and Recently Extinct Marine Mammal Species
315
Appendix 2
Ocean Zones
323
Appendix 3
Draft Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 Relating to the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Marine Mammals (Short form: UN Marine Mammals Agreement)
325
Appendix 4
Structure of Proposed International Regime for the Conservation of Marine Mammals
373
Index
375