An introduction to transnational criminal law / Neil Boister.
2012
KZ7050 .B65 2012 (Map It)
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Details
Author
Title
An introduction to transnational criminal law / Neil Boister.
Published
Oxford, U.K. : Oxford University Press, 2012.
Call Number
KZ7050 .B65 2012
Edition
First edition.
ISBN
9780199605385 (hbk.)
0199605386 (hbk.)
9780199605392 (pbk.)
0199605394 (pbk.)
0199605386 (hbk.)
9780199605392 (pbk.)
0199605394 (pbk.)
Description
xlix, 301 pages ; 26 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)792885884
Summary
States criminalise many transnational offences, such as piracy, human trafficking, drug trafficking, terrorism, organised crime, and cybercrime. This book provides an introduction to this area of law, setting out what transnational crimes are, and how states can establish jurisdiction over them and enforce it.
Note
States criminalise many transnational offences, such as piracy, human trafficking, drug trafficking, terrorism, organised crime, and cybercrime. This book provides an introduction to this area of law, setting out what transnational crimes are, and how states can establish jurisdiction over them and enforce it.
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
Table of International Cases
xxi
Table of National Cases
xxii
Table of Legislation
xxvii
Table of Treaties and Other International Instruments
xxxiii
List of Abbreviations
xlvii
pt. A
INTRODUCTION
1.
What is Transnational Crime?
3
1.1.
Introduction
3
1.2.
Nature of Transnational Crime
3
1.2.1.
meaning of transnational crime'
3
1.2.2.
Characteristics and causes of transnational crime
4
1.2.3.
Harms caused by transnational crime
7
1.3.
Assessing and responding to transnational crime
8
1.3.1.
Global cooperation: an unavoidable response to a global threat?
8
1.3.2.
scale of transnational crime
9
1.3.3.
Threat identification and pathways to the development of a policy response
9
1.3.4.
nature of the policy-making process
11
2.
What is Transnational Criminal Law?
13
2.1.
transnationality of crime and the transnationalization of criminal law
13
2.2.
horizontal and vertical nature of transnational criminal law
13
2.2.1.
role of the suppression conventions
13
2.2.2.
Transnational crimes and penalties
14
2.2.3.
Provisions for procedural cooperation
16
2.2.4.
subjects of transnational criminal law
16
2.3.
moral and political roots of transnational criminal law
17
2.4.
distinction from international criminal law stricto sensu
18
2.5.
system's aims and values
20
2.5.1.
Effective suppression
20
2.5.2.
Preservation of sovereignty
20
2.5.3.
Legality, legitimacy, and transparency
20
2.5.4.
Protection of human rights?
21
2.6.
Conclusion
22
pt. B
CRIMES
3.
Piracy and Maritime Safety Offences
27
3.1.
Introduction
27
3.2.
nature of piracy
27
3.3.
Piracy: international or transnational crime?
28
3.4.
definition of the crime of piracy in custom and early state practice
29
3.5.
Codification in the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea
29
3.6.
elements of the crime of piracy
30
3.6.1.
Violence, detention, or depredation
30
3.6.2.
limitation to acts for private ends
30
3.6.3.
`two ship' requirement
31
3.6.4.
limitation to the high seas
31
3.6.5.
key weakness of the UNCLOS definition
32
3.7.
maritime safety offences
33
3.8.
Punishment of piracy and SUA offences
34
3.9.
Problems with the substantive law exposed by the situation off Somalia
35
3.10.
Conclusion
35
4.
Slave Trading, Human Trafficking, and Migrant Smuggling
36
4.1.
Introduction
36
4.2.
Slave trading
36
4.2.1.
Enslavement and slave trading
36
4.2.2.
Suppression under international law
36
4.3.
Forced labour and debt bondage
38
4.4.
`White' slavery
39
4.5.
Human trafficking
39
4.5.1.
nature of human trafficking
39
4.5.2.
Criminalization of human trafficking under the Human Trafficking Protocol
40
4.5.3.
Protection of victims
43
4.5.4.
Regional conventions
44
4.5.5.
Pressure to implement
45
4.6.
People smuggling
46
4.6.1.
Background to the People Smuggling Protocol
46
4.6.2.
People smugglers' crimes and punishments
47
4.6.3.
distinction between trafficked and smuggled persons
48
4.6.4.
protection of migrants' human rights
48
4.7.
Conclusion
49
5.
Drug Trafficking
50
5.1.
Introduction
50
5.2.
Drugs and harm
50
5.2.1.
Illicit use and harm
50
5.2.2.
Illicit supply and harm
50
5.2.3.
Drug prohibition and harm
51
5.3.
institutionalization of drug prohibition through international law
51
5.3.1.
Origins
51
5.3.2.
Commercial regulation of medicinal drugs
51
5.3.3.
Penal measures
52
5.3.4.
relationship between licit and illicit supply
52
5.3.5.
Drug classification
53
5.4.
Supply reduction in the drug conventions
53
5.4.1.
Suppressing the chain of supply
53
5.4.2.
Production and refinement
54
5.4.3.
Transportation
54
5.4.4.
Distribution
55
5.4.5.
Possession and purchase for supply
55
5.4.6.
Support and organization of supply
55
5.4.7.
Punishment for supply offences
56
5.5.
Demand reduction provisions in the drug conventions
58
5.5.1.
Under the 1961 Convention
58
5.5.2.
Under the 1988 Convention
58
5.6.
Treatment and harm reduction
59
5.7.
enforcement of the international drug control system
60
5.8.
Conclusion
61
6.
Terrorism
62
6.1.
Introduction
62
6.2.
nature and concept of terrorism
62
6.3.
Aviation offences
64
6.4.
Crimes against internationally protected persons
65
6.5.
Nuclear terrorism
65
6.6.
Hostage-taking
66
6.7.
Maritime safety
67
6.8.
Terrorist bombings
67
6.9.
Terrorist financing
68
6.10.
Suppressing terrorism through the UN Security Council
69
6.11.
comprehensive counter-terrorism convention?
71
6.12.
Terrorism and human rights
71
6.13.
Terrorism as a core international crime?
72
6.14.
Conclusion
73
7.
Transnational Organized Crime
75
7.1.
Introduction
75
7.2.
nature of transnational organized crime
75
7.2.1.
What is transnational organized crime?
75
7.2.2.
threat of transnational organized crime
76
7.3.
development of the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC)
77
7.3.1.
Forerunner legislation
77
7.3.2.
development of the UNTOC
78
7.3.3.
failure to define organized crime
79
7.4.
UNTOC offences
79
7.4.1.
Criminalization of participation in an organized criminal group
79
7.4.2.
Money laundering
82
7.4.3.
Corruption
83
7.4.4.
Obstruction of justice
83
7.4.5.
Penalties for UNTOC offences
83
7.5.
UNTOC's conditions for international cooperation
83
7.5.1.
Two general conditions: transnationality and involvement of an organized criminal group
83
7.5.2.
Conditions for the application of the UNTOC to offences in the UNTOC Protocols
85
7.5.3.
Conditions for the residual application of the UNTOC to other `serious crimes'
85
7.6.
Criminal responsibility of legal persons
86
7.7.
Conclusion
86
8.
Corruption
88
8.1.
Introduction
88
8.2.
nature of corruption
88
8.3.
Forerunner legislation
89
8.4.
Inter-American Convention against Corruption
90
8.5.
OECD Anti-Bribery Convention
91
8.6.
Other regional anti-corruption instruments
93
8.7.
UN Convention against Corruption
94
8.7.1.
development of the Convention
94
8.7.2.
Crimes
94
8.7.3.
Punishment
97
8.8.
effectiveness of the anti-corruption conventions
98
8.9.
Conclusion
99
9.
Money Laundering
100
9.1.
Introduction
100
9.2.
nature of money laundering
100
9.3.
domestic roots of the money laundering offence
102
9.4.
money laundering offence
103
9.4.1.
ancillary nature of money laundering
103
9.4.2.
`internal' elements of money laundering
106
9.5.
Criminal liability for legal persons
109
9.6.
punishment of money laundering
109
9.7.
Enforcing implementation
110
9.8.
Conclusion
110
10.
Emerging Transnational Crimes
112
10.1.
Introduction
112
10.2.
Firearms trafficking
112
10.2.1.
Background
112
10.2.2.
Crimes
113
10.2.3.
Shoring up the Firearms Protocol
113
10.3.
Illicit traffic in cultural property
113
10.3.1.
Background
113
10.3.2.
1954 Hague Convention
114
10.3.3.
1970 UNESCO Convention
114
10.3.4.
1985 European Convention
115
10.3.5.
UNIDROIT Convention
115
10.3.6.
Conclusion
115
10.4.
Cybercrime
115
10.4.1.
Background
115
10.4.2.
Council of Europe Cybercrime Convention
116
10.4.3.
UN Cybercrime Convention?
118
10.5.
Environmental crimes
118
10.5.1.
Background
118
10.5.2.
Illegal, unregulated, and unreported (IUU) fishing
119
10.5.3.
Illegal trading in endangered species
120
10.5.4.
Illegal logging and timber trafficking
120
10.5.5.
Trans-boundary pollution
121
10.5.6.
Future developments in regard to environmental crimes
121
10.6.
Other emerging transnational crimes
122
10.6.1.
Offences against state interests
122
10.6.2.
Offences against property interests
122
10.6.3.
Offences against children
123
10.6.4.
New forms of trafficking
123
11.
General Principles of Transnational Crimes and Punishments
125
11.1.
Crimes
125
11.1.1.
Introduction
125
11.1.2.
Unlawfulness
126
11.1.3.
Material elements
126
11.1.4.
Mental elements
127
11.1.5.
Participation
127
11.1.6.
Inchoate offences
127
11.1.7.
Liability of legal persons
128
11.1.8.
Defences
128
11.1.9.
general part of transnational criminal law?
129
11.2.
limited impact of international law on domestic penalties
130
pt. C
ENFORCEMENT
12.
Jurisdiction Over Transnational Crime
135
12.1.
Introduction
135
12.2.
Limitations on jurisdiction over transnational crime
135
12.3.
Extensions of extraterritorial jurisdiction recognized under the suppression conventions
137
12.4.
Territoriality
138
12.4.1.
Strict territoriality
138
12.4.2.
Quasi-territoriality
139
12.4.3.
Subjective and objective territoriality, ubiquity
140
12.4.4.
Effects
141
12.5.
Personality
142
12.5.1.
Nationality
142
12.5.2.
Passive personality
144
12.5.3.
Protective
145
12.6.
Universality
147
12.6.1.
duty to extradite or prosecute/subsidiary universality
147
12.6.2.
questionable effectiveness of subsidiary universality
149
12.6.3.
Absolute universality over transnational crime?
150
12.7.
Concurrent jurisdiction
152
12.8.
Immunity from jurisdiction over transnational crime
153
12.8.1.
Introduction
153
12.8.2.
Sovereign immunity
154
12.8.3.
Diplomatic immunity
155
12.8.4.
Immunity of officials from intergovernmental organizations
156
12.8.5.
Immunity of officials under their own national law
156
12.9.
Conclusion
157
13.
International Law Enforcement Cooperation
159
13.1.
Introduction
159
13.1.1.
Enforcing an established jurisdiction
159
13.1.2.
Territorial law enforcement against transnational crime
159
13.1.3.
Law enforcement against extraterritorial crime
160
13.1.4.
nature of police-to-police cooperation
161
13.2.
Information storage and exchange
161
13.2.1.
Introduction
161
13.2.2.
Provisions in the suppression conventions for information exchange
162
13.2.3.
Information exchange in practice
163
13.3.
Operational cooperation
165
13.3.1.
Introduction
165
13.3.2.
Liaison
165
13.3.3.
Joint investigations
166
13.3.4.
Hot pursuit
168
13.3.5.
Special investigative techniques
168
13.3.6.
Procedures that enhance or frustrate the suppression of transnational crime
171
13.3.7.
Human rights
171
13.4.
Law enforcement training
172
13.5.
role of international law enforcement organizations
173
13.6.
Conclusion
174
14.
Law Enforcement Cooperation on the High Seas
176
14.1.
Introduction
176
14.2.
Jurisdiction over own vessels
176
14.3.
Jurisdiction over stateless vessels
177
14.4.
Jurisdiction over foreign vessels
177
14.4.1.
Hot pursuit
177
14.4.2.
Permission to enforce jurisdiction
178
14.4.3.
Interdiction of foreign vessels engaged in drug trafficking
178
14.4.4.
Interdiction of foreign slave traders and migrant smugglers
179
14.4.5.
Interdiction of foreign pirates
180
14.4.6.
Interdiction of foreign fishing vessels
181
14.4.7.
Interdiction of foreign vessels carrying weapons of mass destruction
182
14.5.
Interdiction of vessels that seek refuge in a foreign state's territorial waters
183
14.6.
Practical problems
184
14.7.
Human rights implications
184
14.8.
Conclusion
185
15.
Law Enforcement Cooperation Through Anti-Money Laundering and Countering the Financing of Terrorism
186
15.1.
Introduction
186
15.2.
Obstacles to policing money laundering
187
15.3.
development of the AML regime
187
15.3.1.
Forerunner legislation
187
15.3.2.
International steps
188
15.3.3.
National regulatory measures
191
15.4.
removal of bank secrecy laws
192
15.5.
Financial intelligence units
193
15.6.
Adaptation of the AML regime to counter-terrorist financing
194
15.7.
Conclusion
195
16.
Legal Assistance
197
16.1.
Introduction
197
16.2.
nature and development of legal assistance
197
16.2.1.
Nature
197
16.2.2.
Letters rogatory
197
16.2.3.
Mutual legal assistance
198
16.3.
scope of the legal assistance provisions in the suppression conventions
199
16.3.1.
general duty to provide mutual legal assistance
199
16.3.2.
limitation of legal assistance to criminal proceedings
200
16.3.3.
Types of legal assistance available
201
16.4.
conditions for and exceptions to legal assistance
203
16.4.1.
Introduction
203
16.4.2.
Conditions
203
16.4.3.
Exceptions
205
16.4.4.
Conclusion
206
16.5.
Procedure for legal assistance
207
16.5.1.
Introduction
207
16.5.2.
Transmitting requests
207
16.5.3.
Execution of requests
208
16.6.
rights of individuals to legal assistance
210
16.7.
Alternative methods of acquiring evidence abroad
210
16.8.
Conclusion
212
17.
Extradition of Transnational Criminals
214
17.1.
Introduction
214
17.2.
legal basis for extradition
215
17.2.1.
Extradition treaties, schemes, and national laws
215
17.2.2.
Extradition in the suppression conventions
216
17.3.
conditions for and exceptions to extradition
217
17.3.1.
Conditions, exceptions, and the rule of non-inquiry
217
17.3.2.
Double criminality
218
17.3.3.
Extraditable offence
220
17.3.4.
Sufficiency of evidence
221
17.3.5.
Specialty
222
17.3.6.
Political offence exception
223
17.3.7.
Non-discrimination
224
17.3.8.
Nationality exception
224
17.3.9.
Military offence exception
226
17.3.10.
Fiscal offence exception
226
17.3.11.
Nemo bis in idem
226
17.3.12.
Procedural and practical obstacles
227
17.3.13.
Penalty exceptions
227
17.4.
Human rights in extradition
228
17.4.1.
development of human rights bars
228
17.4.2.
Rights and prohibitions relevant in extradition
229
17.5.
Extradition procedure
230
17.6.
future of extradition: surrender under the European Arrest Warrant?
230
17.7.
Alternatives to extradition
232
17.8.
Conclusion
234
18.
Asset Recovery
235
18.1.
Introduction
235
18.2.
international development of asset recovery
235
18.3.
Interim measures: identification, tracing, freezing, and seizing
236
18.4.
Conviction-based confiscation
238
18.5.
Non-conviction-based forfeiture
240
18.6.
International cooperation
243
18.7.
Dispersal of recovered assets
245
18.8.
Legitimacy and effectiveness
247
19.
Trends in Transnational Criminal Procedure
248
19.1.
Introduction
248
19.2.
Jurisdiction
248
19.3.
Reliance of the suppression conventions on the system for international cooperation in criminal matters
249
19.4.
Pre-trial law enforcement assistance
249
19.5.
Legal assistance for trial purposes
250
19.6.
Extradition
251
19.7.
Post trial: asset recovery
251
19.8.
Conclusion
252
pt. D
INSTITUTIONS, IMPLEMENTATION, AND COMPLIANCE
20.
Institutions
255
20.1.
Introduction
255
20.2.
UN criminal justice institutions
255
20.2.1.
Introduction
255
20.2.2.
Law-making
255
20.2.3.
Policy-making: the ECOSOC's functional commissions
256
20.2.4.
Oversight: the International Narcotics Control Board and conferences of parties
256
20.2.5.
Administration: the UN Office on Drugs and Crime
257
20.3.
Other intergovernmental institutions and organizations
258
20.4.
Civil society
259
20.5.
Conclusion
259
21.
Implementation and Compliance
261
21.1.
Introduction
261
21.2.
Implementation
261
21.3.
Compliance
262
21.4.
Review mechanisms
264
21.5.
carrot: technical assistance
265
21.6.
sticks: enforcing implementation and compliance
266
21.7.
transnational criminal court?
269
21.8.
Conclusion
270
pt. E
CONCLUSION
22.
Transnational Criminal Law: Some Reflections
275
22.1.
Incremental development
275
22.2.
Hard and soft law
275
22.3.
horizontal system
276
22.4.
Selective interests
277
22.5.
Harmonization of domestic criminal laws
277
22.6.
Effective suppression
278
22.7.
Transnational criminal law not justice
278
Index
279