The international seabed authority and the precautionary principle : balancing deep seabed mineral mining and marine environmental protection / by Aline L. Jaeckel.
2017
KZA1400 .J34 2017 (Map It)
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Author
Title
The international seabed authority and the precautionary principle : balancing deep seabed mineral mining and marine environmental protection / by Aline L. Jaeckel.
Published
Leiden ; Boston : Brill Nijhoff, [2017]
Call Number
KZA1400 .J34 2017
ISBN
9789004332270 hardcover alkaline paper
9004332278 hardcover alkaline paper
9004332278 hardcover alkaline paper
Description
xx, 362 pages : illustration, color map ; 25 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)958782432
Summary
With the transition to the commercial-scale exploitation of deep seabed minerals, the International Seabed Authority's obligation to protect the marine environment is being tested. In 'The International Seabed Authority and the Precautionary Principle', Aline L. Jaeckel provides the first in-depth analysis of the Authority's work in regulating and managing deep seabed minerals. This book examines whether and to what extent the Authority is implementing the precautionary principle in practice. This includes the development of adequate environmental protection standards as well as procedural safeguards and decision-making processes that facilitate risk assessment and risk management. In doing so, the author offers an insightful example of how the precautionary principle can be translated into a practical management tool.
Note
With the transition to the commercial-scale exploitation of deep seabed minerals, the International Seabed Authority's obligation to protect the marine environment is being tested. In 'The International Seabed Authority and the Precautionary Principle', Aline L. Jaeckel provides the first in-depth analysis of the Authority's work in regulating and managing deep seabed minerals. This book examines whether and to what extent the Authority is implementing the precautionary principle in practice. This includes the development of adequate environmental protection standards as well as procedural safeguards and decision-making processes that facilitate risk assessment and risk management. In doing so, the author offers an insightful example of how the precautionary principle can be translated into a practical management tool.
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Available in Other Form
Online version: Jaeckel, Aline L., author. International seabed authority and the pre-cautionary principle Boston : Brill Nijhoff, 2017 9789004332287 (DLC) 2016044703
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements
xi
List of Figures
xii
List of Abbreviations
xiii
List of Cases
xvi
List of Treaties and Declarations
xviii
pt. 1
Context---Deep Seabed Mining, the Marine Environment, and Precaution
1.
Deep Seabed Mining and the Marine Environment
3
1.1.
Setting the Scene: The Onset of Deep Seabed Mining
3
1.2.
Exploring the Problem
7
1.2.1.
Marine Environment of the Deep Seabed and its Mineral Resources
7
1.2.2.
Environmental Risks and Uncertainties of Deep Seabed Mineral Mining
11
1.2.3.
Need for a Precautionary Approach to Seabed Mining
14
1.3.
Objectives of the Study
18
1.4.
Terminology
20
1.5.
Methodology and Limits of the Study
22
1.6.
Structure of the Study
24
2.
Precautionary Principle in International Law
27
2.1.
Introduction
27
2.2.
Precautionary Principle in International Law
29
2.2.1.
From Reactive to Proactive Thinking: The Rationale of Precaution
29
2.2.2.
History of the Precautionary Principle
30
2.2.3.
Status of the Precautionary Principle in International Law
33
2.2.4.
Overlapping Principles: Precaution and Prevention
35
2.3.
Denning the Precautionary Principle: Three Elements
37
2.3.1.
Threat of Environmental Harm
37
2.3.2.
Uncertainty
38
2.3.3.
Remedial Action
39
2.3.3.1.
Effectiveness
39
2.3.3.2.
Proportionality
41
2.3.4.
Role of Thresholds
43
2.4.
Implementing the Precautionary Principle
43
2.4.1.
Three Dimensions of Implementing Precaution
43
2.4.1.1.
Institutional Dimension
44
2.4.1.2.
Procedural Dimension
44
2.4.1.3.
Protective Measures
47
2.4.1.4.
Three-dimensional Assessment of the Implementation of Precaution
48
2.42.
Role of Values
48
2.4.2.1.
Making Uncertainties Explicit
49
2.4.2.2.
Participation
50
2.4.2.3.
Transparency
51
2.4.2.4.
Normative Framework
52
2.4.3.
Burden of Proof
54
2.4.3.1.
Considerations for a General Allocation of the Burden of Proof
55
2.4.3.2.
Reversing the Burden of Proof as an Implementation Measure
56
2.4.4.
Nature of Uncertainties
57
2.4.5.
Dealing with Uncertainty in Complex Systems: Adaptive Management
58
2.4.6.
Examining Counter-Effects: the Aim of Net Environmental Protection
61
2.4.7.
Socio-Economic Considerations
63
2.5.
Framework for Analysing the Implementation of Precaution: Assessment Criteria
66
pt. 2
International Seabed Authority
3.
International Seabed Authority and the Seabed Mining Regime
73
3.1.
Introduction
73
3.2.
Historical Development of the Deep Seabed Mining Regime
74
3.2.1.
Legal Status of the International Seabed and its Resources
74
3.2.2.
LOSC and Continuing Uncertainty as to the Legal Status of the Seabed and its Resources
81
3.2.3.
1994 Implementing Agreement and the Revision of the Common Heritage Concept
84
3.3.
Mandate of the ISA
88
3.4.
Institutional Organisation of the ISA
90
3.4.1.
Assembly
92
3.4.2.
Council
93
3.4.3.
Secretariat
95
3.4.4.
Legal and Technical Commission
96
3.4.5.
Economic Planning Commission
98
3.4.6.
Finance Committee
98
3.4.7.
Enterprise
99
3.5.
Decision-making Processes of the ISA
100
3.5.1.
Adopting Mining Regulations
101
3.5.2.
Assessing Applications for Plans of Work
103
3.6.
Enforcement Powers
106
3.6.1.
Monitoring Compliance
106
3.6.2.
Responsibilities and Liability
108
3.7.
Financing the ISA
110
3.8.
Dispute Settlement in the ISA Regime: The Seabed Disputes Chamber
111
3.9.
Conclusion
113
4.
Environmental Mandate of the ISA
116
4.1.
Introduction
116
4.2.
Environmental Considerations During the Negotiations of Part XI and the Implementing Agreement
117
4.3.
General Obligation Under the Convention and the Implementing Agreement to Protect and Preserve the Marine Environment
121
4.3.1.
Obligation to Protect and Preserve the Marine Environment
121
4.3.2.
Environmental Mandate of the ISA
123
4.3.3.
General Environmental Obligations of States
127
4.4.
Gradual Integration of Precaution into the Lose
131
4.5.
Debate about Bioprospecting and Marine Scientific Research in the Context of the ISA'S Mandate
136
4.6.
Conclusion
141
5.
Developing the ISA'S Environmental Mandate Through the Mining Code
142
5.1.
Introduction
142
5.2.
Law-making Powers of the ISA
143
5.3.
Mining Code
148
5.3.1.
Exploration Regulations
149
5.3.2.
LTC Recommendations
150
5.3.3.
Future Exploitation Regulations
152
5.4.
ISA's Environmental Obligations as Developed by the Mining Code
154
5.4.1.
Assess and Monitor Environmental Impacts
157
5.4.1.1.
Environmental Baselines
157
5.4.1.2.
Environmental Impact Assessments
159
5.4.1.3.
Monitoring Effects on the Marine Environment
164
5.4.2.
Marine Protected Areas
166
5.4.2.1.
Marine Protected Areas in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction
167
5.4.2.2.
Mandate of the ISA to Declare Marine Protected Areas
169
5.4.3.
Best Environmental Practices
173
5.4.4.
Emergency Orders
174
5.4.5.
Enforcement and Liability
175
5.4.6.
Applying a Precautionary Approach
176
5.4.6.1.
Precautionary Thresholds in the ISA Context
179
5.5.
Conclusion
187
pt. 3
Implementing Precaution by the International Seabed Authority
6.
Implementing the Precautionary Principle: Protective Measures
193
6.1.
Introduction
193
6.2.
Marine Scientific Research
195
6.2.1.
Research Regarding Faunal Diversity Associated with Polymetallic Nodules
195
6.2.2.
Research Regarding Ecosystems Associated with Polymetallic Sulphides and Ferromanganese Crusts
196
6.2.3.
Discussion About the ISA'S Engagement in Marine Scientific Research
199
6.3.
Marine Protected Areas
201
6.3.1.
Environmental Management Plan for the Clarion-Clipperton Zone
202
6.3.2.
Environmental Management Plans for Other Areas?
209
6.3.3.
Multi-Purpose Marine Protected Areas
210
6.3.4.
Preservation Reference Zones
211
6.3.5.
Safety Margins
214
6.4.
Measures Pertaining to Particularly Vulnerable Ecosystems
215
6.5.
Listing of Particular Activities
219
6.6.
Emergency Orders
220
6.7.
Environmental Restoration
221
6.8.
Conclusion
224
7.
Implementing the Precautionary Principle: Procedural Elements
228
7.1.
Introduction
228
7.2.
Assessing Risks and Uncertainties ...
230
7.2.1.
... through Strategic Environmental Assessment
231
7.2.2.
... in the Context of Assessing New Applications for Exploration Contracts
236
7.2.3.
... through Environmental Impact Assessments During Exploration Work
240
7.2.3.1.
Lack of Environmental Baselines
243
7.2.3.2.
Procedural Consequences of Environmental Impact Assessments
247
7.2.4.
Bringing Environmental Impact Assessments in Line with the Precautionary Approach---Some Suggestions
249
7.3.
Amending Environmental Standards
251
7.3.1.
Amending Regulations
253
7.3.2.
Amending Recommendations
254
7.3.3.
Reviewing a Programme of Activities
255
7.3.4.
Updating Regional Environmental Management Plans
256
7.3.5.
Some Suggestions for Changes to the Procedural Framework
257
7.4.
Ensuring Transparency and Participation
260
7.4.1.
Transparency
260
7.4.2.
Public Participation
263
7.4.3.
Some Suggestions for Ensuring Transparency and Public Participation
266
7.5.
Burden of Proof
269
7.5.1.
Status Quo in the ISA'S Legal Framework
270
7.5.2.
Reversal of the Burden of Proof in Specific Cases
272
7.6.
Monitoring of Environmental Effects
272
7.6.1.
Monitoring Programme for Contractors
273
7.6.2.
Monitoring the Environmental Effects of Protective Measures
276
7.6.3.
Monitoring Environmental Effects on a Regional Scale
277
7.7.
Conclusion
277
8.
Implementing the Precautionary Principle: Institutional Aspects
281
8.1.
Introduction
281
8.2.
Institutional Mechanisms for Implementing Precaution
283
8.2.1.
Mechanisms for the Assessment of Environmental Risks and Protective Measures
283
8.2.2.
Mechanisms for Ensuring Compliance
286
8.3.
Current Institutional Limitations
289
8.3.1.
Capacity and Limitations of the Legal and Technical Commission
289
8.3.2.
Capacity and Limitations of the ISA Secretariat
292
8.4.
Options for Institutional Innovation for the ISA
294
8.4.1.
Environmental Commission
294
8.4.2.
Mining Inspectorate
297
8.5.
Conclusion
300
9.
Conclusion
303
9.1.
Complexities of Implementing the Precautionary Principle
303
9.2.
Strengths and Weaknesses of the ISA'S Current Approach to Precaution
305
9.2.1.
Absence of a Conservation Objective
305
9.2.2.
Lack of Obligation to Identify Uncertainties
305
9.2.3.
Strength Derived from Affording Scientific Information a Central Role
306
9.2.4.
Procedural Challenges Associated with Environmental Impact Assessments and Adaptive Management
307
9.2.5.
Lack of Strategic Vision
308
9.2.6.
Successes and Challenges with Respect to Timely Action
308
9.2.7.
Successes and Challenges with Respect to the Role of the ISA in Marine Scientific Research
309
9.2.8.
Conclusion
309
9.3.
Strengthening the Implementation of the Precautionary Principle by the ISA: Suggestions for a Way Forward
310
Bibliography
315
Index
348