Provisional measures before international courts and tribunals / Cameron A. Miles, Gray's Inn.
2017
KZ6250 .M55 2017 (Map It)
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Title
Provisional measures before international courts and tribunals / Cameron A. Miles, Gray's Inn.
Published
Cambridge, United Kingdom ; New York, NY, USA : Cambridge University Press, 2017.
Call Number
KZ6250 .M55 2017
ISBN
9781107125599 (hardback)
1107125596 (hardback)
1107125596 (hardback)
Description
lxiii, 517 pages ; 24 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)949749688
Summary
"Since the decision of the International Court of Justice in LaGrand (Germany v. United States of America), the law of provisional measures has expanded dramatically both in terms of the volume of relevant decisions and the complexity of their reasoning. Provisional Measures before International Courts and Tribunals seeks to describe and evaluate this expansion, and furthermore to undertake a comparative analysis of provisional measures jurisprudence in a range of significant international courts and tribunals and ad-hoc interstate arbitration tribunals. The result is the first comprehensive examination of the law of provisional measures in ten years, and the first to compare investor-state arbitration jurisprudence with more traditional interstate courts and tribunals"-- Provided by publisher.
Note
Based on author's thesis (doctoral - Cambridge University, 2016).
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
Foreword
xvi
Preface
xix
List of Abbreviations
xxvi
Table of Cases
xxxiii
Table of Treaties and Documents
li
1.
Introduction
1
I.
Provisional Measures in International Law
1
A.
Definition and Character of Provisional Measures
1
B.
Provisional Measures and the Inherent Powers of International Courts and Tribunals
4
II.
Scope of the Book
5
A.
Overall Purpose
5
B.
Coverage of International Courts and Tribunals
6
III.
Outline of the Book
8
pt. I
Preliminary Matters
13
2.
Origins of Provisional Measures
15
I.
Introduction
15
II.
Municipal Law Origins
16
A.
Provisional Measures in Antiquity and the Middle Ages
16
1.
Greco-Roman Origins
16
2.
Provisional Measures in Canon Law
19
B.
Provisional Measures in the Common and Civil Law Traditions
20
1.
Common Law and the Interlocutory Injunction
21
2.
Civil Law Tradition and the Codifying Impulse
24
(a).
France and the Code de Procedure Civile
25
(b).
Germany and the Zivilprozessordnung
27
(c).
Switzerland and the Conflation of Traditions
29
III.
Development by Early International Courts and Tribunals
31
A.
Early International Codification Projects: 1873--1907
31
B.
American Experience: 1902--1918
33
1.
Treaty of Corinto
33
2.
Central American Court of Justice
34
(a).
Honduras v El Salvador and Guatemala
37
(b).
Bryan--Chamorro Treaty Cases
38
(i).
Costa Rica v Nicaragua
39
(ii).
El Salvador v Nicaragua
41
3.
Provisional Measures in the Bryan Treaties
42
4.
Assessing the Central American Experience
43
C.
Provisional Measures and Inter- War Arbitration
45
1.
Inter-State Arbitration Treaties
45
2.
Mixed Arbitral Tribunals
47
IV.
Permanent Court of International Justice
51
A.
Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice
51
1.
Advisory Committee of Jurists
51
2.
Adoption of the Statute
53
B.
Procedural Rules of the Permanent Court of International Justice
55
1.
1922 Rules
55
2.
1931 Rules
55
3.
1936 Rules
58
C.
Jurisprudence of the Permanent Court of International Justice
60
1.
Sino-Belgian Treaty Case
61
2.
Factory at Chorzow (Indemnities)
65
3.
South-Eastern Greenland
67
4.
Prince von Pless Case
69
5.
Polish Agrarian Reform Case
71
6.
Electricity Company
74
V.
Conclusions
77
A.
Towards a Modern Law of Provisional Measures
77
B.
Revisiting Two Premises
80
3.
Constitutive Instruments and Procedural Rules
82
I.
Introduction
82
II.
International Court of Justice
82
A.
Succeeding the Permanent Court of International Justice
82
B.
Article 41 of the ICJ Statute
86
C.
Provisional Measures and the ICJ Rules
88
1.
1946 and 1972 Rules
88
2.
1978 Rules
89
III.
Dispute Settlement Under UNCLOS
93
A.
UNCLOS Part XV and the System of Compulsory Dispute Settlement
93
1.
UNCLOS III and the Codification of the Law of the Sea
93
2.
Dispute Settlement Architecture Under UNCLOS
96
B.
UNCLOS Article 290
98
C.
Provisional Measures and the Procedural Rules of UNCLOS Part XV Dispute Settlement Bodies
101
1.
International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
101
2.
Annex VII Arbitration
105
IV.
International Investment Arbitration
106
A.
Treaty-Based Investor-State Arbitration
106
1.
Bilateral and Multilateral Investment Treaties
106
2.
ICSID and the ICSID Convention
108
3.
ICSID Additional Facility
109
B.
Treaty Provisions Governing Provisional Measures in International Investment Law
110
1.
Article 47 of the ICSID Convention
110
2.
NAFTA Article 1137
112
C.
Provisional Measures Under the ICSID Rules and ICSID (AF) Rules
113
1.
Rule 39 of the ICSID Rules
113
2.
Article 46 of the ICSID (AF) Rules
115
V.
Arbitral Tribunals and the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules
116
A.
Arbitration and International Dispute Settlement
116
1.
Permanent Court of Arbitration
116
2.
International Claims and Compensation Bodies
117
3.
Non-ICSID Investment Arbitration
118
B.
UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules
118
1.
Drafting and Proliferation
118
2.
2010 Amendments
121
C.
Provisional Measures Under the UNCITRAL Rules
123
1.
Article 26 of the 1976 Rules
123
2.
Article 26 of the 2010 Rules
124
VI.
Other International Courts and Tribunals
127
A.
European Court of Justice
127
B.
International Human Rights Regimes
128
C.
International Commercial Arbitration
129
pt. II
Provisional Measures in General
131
4.
Power to Order Provisional Measures
133
I.
Introduction
133
II.
Provisional Measures as Incidental Proceedings
134
III.
Legal Source of the Power to Order Provisional Measures
136
A.
Provisional Measures as a General Principle of International Law
136
B.
Provisional Measures as an Inherent Power of International Courts and Tribunals
139
C.
Provisional Measures as an Express Mandate
142
D.
Contours and Preconditions: Provisional Measures as Lex Specialis
143
1.
Fixed Minimum Features of the Power
143
2.
Constitutive Instruments and Lex Specialis
144
IV.
Prima Facie Jurisdiction
147
A.
International Court of Justice
149
1.
Early Debates and Discarded Alternatives
149
2.
Settled Practice of the International Court of Justice
151
B.
Dispute Settlement Under UNCLOS
155
1.
UNCLOS Article 290(1)
155
2.
UNCLOS Article 290(5)
156
C.
Inter-State Arbitration
158
D.
Investor-State Arbitration
159
V.
Prima Facie Admissibility
162
A.
Jurisdiction and Admissibility Distinguished
162
B.
Prima Facie Admissibility and the International Court of Justice
164
C.
Prima Facie Admissibility in Other International Courts and Tribunals
166
1.
Dispute Settlement Under UNCLOS
166
2.
Inter-State Arbitration
168
3.
Investor-State Arbitration
168
VI.
Admissibility of the Application for Provisional Measures Proper
169
VII.
Conclusions
171
5.
Purpose of Provisional Measures
174
I.
Introduction
174
II.
Measures for the Preservation of Rights Pendente Life
175
A.
Different Forms of the Measure
175
B.
Defining a Right Pendente Lite
176
C.
Relationship Between Measures Requested and the Merits Proper
179
1.
International Court of Justice
180
2.
Dispute Settlement Under UNCLOS
185
3.
Inter-State Arbitration
186
4.
Investor-State Arbitration
187
(a).
ICSID Arbitration
187
(b).
UNCITRAL Arbitration
191
D.
Plausibility of the Rights Claimed and the Prospect of Success on the Merits
193
1.
International Court of Justice
194
(a).
Merits Review in the Separate and Dissenting Opinions of the ICJ: 1951--2006
194
(b).
Further Development and Scope: 2009 Onwards
197
2.
Dispute Settlement Under UNCLOS
201
3.
Inter-State Arbitration
203
4.
Investor-State Arbitration
205
III.
Measures for the Non-Aggravation of the Dispute
208
A.
Protection of the Objective Interest
208
B.
International Court of Justice
209
1.
Separate Power?
209
2.
Preconditions for the Award of Measures of Non-Aggravation
213
3.
Scope and Effect of Measures for Non-Aggravation: The Border Area Case
214
C.
Dispute Settlement Under UNCLOS
216
D.
Inter-State Arbitration
218
E.
Investor-State Arbitration
218
1.
ICSID Arbitration
218
2.
UNCITRAL Arbitration
222
IV.
Conclusions
223
6.
Prejudice and Urgency
225
I.
Introduction
225
II.
International Court of Justice
226
A.
Standard of `Irreparable' Prejudice
226
B.
Questions of Urgency
232
1.
Risk of Materialization Prior to the Date of Judgment
232
2.
Representations by the Respondent: The Effect of Certain Documents and Data
234
III.
Dispute Settlement Under UNCLOS
239
A.
Prejudice Under UNCLOS Article 290
239
1.
Emergence of `Irreparable' Prejudice
239
2.
Serious Harm to the Marine Environment
243
B.
Urgency Under UNCLOS Article 290
245
1.
General Considerations of Urgency
245
(a).
Urgency Under UNCLOS Article 290(1)
245
(b).
Urgency Under UNCLOS Article 290(5)
246
2.
Risk of Materialization and the Effect of Undertakings
248
3.
Measures for the Protection of the Marine Environment and the Precautionary Principle
252
IV.
Inter-State Arbitration
255
V.
Investor-State Arbitration
257
A.
Prejudice Before Investor-State Arbitration Tribunals
257
1.
ICSID Arbitration
257
2.
UNCITRAL Arbitration
263
B.
Urgency Before Investor-State Arbitration Tribunals
266
1.
ICSID Arbitration
266
(a).
General Considerations of Urgency
266
(b).
Risk of Materialization and Axiomatic Urgency
267
2.
UNCITRAL Arbitration
269
VI.
Conclusions
272
7.
Content and Enforcement
274
I.
Introduction
274
II.
Binding Character of Provisional Measures
275
A.
Early Debates Concerning the Permanent Court of International Justice and Beyond
275
1.
Arguments Concerning Article 41 of the PCIJ and ICJ Statute
276
2.
Arguments Concerning the Binding Character of Provisional Measures as a General Principle of Law
280
3.
Practice of the International Court of Justice Prior to LaGrand: Anglo-Iranian Oil and Bosnian Genocide
282
4.
Practice of Other Courts and Tribunals
285
(a).
Dispute Settlement Under UNCLOS
285
(b).
Investor-State Arbitration
285
(i).
ICSID Arbitration
285
(ii).
UNCITRAL Arbitration
287
B.
LaGrand and Its Discontents
288
1.
Background
288
2.
Proceedings in LaGrand
291
(a).
Pleadings
291
(b).
Judgment
292
(c).
Dissenting Opinions
293
C.
New Status Quo
295
III.
Content of Provisional Measures
298
A.
Content of Provisional Measures Generally
298
1.
Measures for the Protection of Substantive or Procedural Rights
298
2.
Interim Judgments and Final Resolution of the Dispute
302
B.
Proportionality in Provisional Measures
304
1.
Proportionality in Investor-State Arbitration
305
2.
Proportionality Before Other International Courts or Tribunals
307
3.
Proportionality and Custody of Persons or Moveable Property
309
C.
Duration of Provisional Measures
316
1.
International Court of Justice
316
2.
Dispute Settlement Under UNCLOS
317
3.
Inter-State Arbitration
318
4.
Investor-State Arbitration
318
IV.
Breach and Enforcement of Provisional Measures
319
A.
Legal Consequences of Non-Compliance and Questions of Applicable Law
319
1.
Application of the Law of State Responsibility to Provisional Measures
319
(a).
Attribution
320
(b).
Breach and Defences
321
(c).
Invocation of Responsibility
323
2.
Individual and Corporate Liability for Breach of Provisional Measures
326
B.
Enforcement of Provisional Measures
328
1.
International Court of Justice
329
2.
Dispute Settlement Under UNCLOS
336
3.
Investor-State Arbitration
336
(a).
ICSID Arbitration
336
(b).
UNCITRAL Arbitration
339
V.
Conclusions
341
pt. III
Specific Aspects of Provisional Measures
343
8.
Questions of Substance and Procedure
345
I.
Introduction
345
II.
Provisional Measures and Questions of Substance
346
A.
Human Rights and Humanitarian Law
346
1.
Cases in Which Humanitarian or Human Rights Law is the Subject of the Main Claim
347
2.
Cases of Diplomatic Protection
353
3.
Cases in Which the Link is Attenuated or Broken
356
4.
Understanding the Practice
362
B.
Parallel Seisen of the International Court of Justice and UN Security Council
364
1.
Interaction between the International Court of Justice and the UN Security Council
364
2.
Conflict Between Provisional Measures of the International Court of Justice and UN Security Council Resolutions
368
C.
Proceedings Before Other Courts and Tribunals
369
1.
Domestic Civil Proceedings
372
(a).
Identity of Parties
373
(b).
Identity of Subject Matter
374
(c).
Limitations to the Restraint of Domestic Civil Proceedings
376
2.
Domestic Criminal Proceedings
377
3.
Other International Proceedings
382
D.
Integrated Dispute Settlement
384
1.
Integrated Approaches to International Dispute Settlement
384
2.
Provisional Measures and Integrated International Dispute Settlement
387
(a).
UNCLOS Article 290 and Provisional Measures for the Protection of the Marine Environment
388
(b).
International Court of Justice and Third Party Regulation of the Parties' Behaviour
392
III.
Provisional Measures and Questions of Procedure
397
A.
Advisory Proceedings
397
1.
Scope of the Advisory Jurisdiction
397
2.
Provisional Measures and Advisory Proceedings
400
B.
Non-Appearing Parties
405
1.
Practice of Non-Appearance
405
2.
Provisional Measures and Non-Appearing Parties
409
(a).
General Practice
409
(b).
Errors of Arctic Sunrise
409
C.
Interpretation Proceedings
414
1.
Interpretation of Judgments and Awards
414
2.
Provisional Measures and Interpretation Proceedings
417
D.
ICSID Annulment Proceedings
423
1.
ICSID Annulment Mechanism
423
2.
Provisional Measures in ICSID Annulment Proceedings
425
E.
Modification or Revocation of Provisional Measures
433
1.
Procedures of Modification or Revocation
433
2.
Justifying Modification or Revocation
436
9.
Litigation Strategy and Provisional Measures
443
I.
Introduction
443
II.
Different Purposes of Provisional Measures
444
A.
Provisional Measures and the Future Conduct of Litigation
445
1.
International Court of Justice
446
2.
Dispute Settlement Under UNCLOS
449
3.
Inter-State Arbitration
450
4.
Investor-State Arbitration
451
B.
Provisional Measure and Reputational Risks
453
1.
Reputation and International Dispute Settlement
453
2.
Benefits of Seeking Provisional Measures Notwithstanding Risk of Non-Compliance
455
3.
Risks of Seeking Provisional Measures
457
C.
Provisional Measures as the Real Objective of Contested Proceedings
458
1.
Time-Sensitive Situations
459
2.
Custody of Persons or Moveable Property
461
D.
`Proceed at Own Risk' Principle
463
III.
Use and Abuse of Provisional Measures
466
A.
Abuse of Process in International Law
466
B.
Provisional Measures as an Abuse of Process
469
IV.
Conclusions
471
10.
Conclusions
473
Appendix
477
Bibliography
488
Index
509