Criminal law and its processes : cases and materials / Sanford H. Kadish, late Alexander F. and May T. Morrison Professor of Law, Emeritus, University of California, Berkeley; Stephen J. Schulhofer, Robert B. McKay Professor of Law, New York University; Rachel E. Barkow, Segal Family Professor of Regulatory Law and Policy, New York University.
2017
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Author
Title
Criminal law and its processes : cases and materials / Sanford H. Kadish, late Alexander F. and May T. Morrison Professor of Law, Emeritus, University of California, Berkeley; Stephen J. Schulhofer, Robert B. McKay Professor of Law, New York University; Rachel E. Barkow, Segal Family Professor of Regulatory Law and Policy, New York University.
Published
New York : Wolters Kluwer, [2017]
Copyright
©2017
Call Number
KF9219 .K3 2017
Edition
Tenth edition.
ISBN
9781454873808
1454873809
1454873809
Description
xl, 1,400 pages ; 26 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)961098202
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references (pages 1333-1385) and index.
Series
Record Appears in
Gift
Purchased from the income of the Edith L. Fisch Fund
Gift
The Arthur W. Diamond Law Library
Purchased from the income of the Edith L. Fisch Fund
Table of Contents
Preface
xxxi
Acknowledgments
xxxix
ch. 1
Institutions and Processes
1
A.
Sweep of Criminal Law in America
1
Notes
1
B.
Structure of Criminal Justice --- The Relevant Institutional Actors
7
Notes
7
C.
Criminal Justice Procedures
14
Notes
14
D.
Process for Determining Guilt
18
1.
Overview of Pleas and Trials
18
Note on Guilty Pleas
18
A. Enker, Perspectives on Plea Bargaining
20
A. Specter, Book Review
20
A.W. Alschuler, The Prosecutor's Role in Plea Bargaining
21
S. Bibas, Plea Bargaining Outside the Shadow of Trial
22
Notes
22
Note on Formal Trial Procedure
23
2.
Presentation of Evidence
25
Introductory Notes
25
People v. Zackowitz
28
Notes on Zackowitz
30
Notes on "Other-Crimes" Evidence Under Current Law
31
Note on the Effectiveness of Jury Instructions
36
Questions on Jury Instructions
37
3.
Proof Beyond a Reasonable Doubt
38
In re Winship
38
Notes
39
a.
Allocating the Burden of Proof
43
Introductory Note
43
Patterson v. New York
43
Notes and Questions
47
J.C. Jeffries Jr. & P.B. Stephan, Defenses, Presumptions and Burdens of Proof in the Criminal Law
49
b.
Presumptions
52
4.
Role of the Jury
53
Duncan v. Louisiana
53
Notes
56
G. Williams, The Proof of Guilt
59
D.W. Broeder, The Functions of the Jury---Facts or Fictions?
59
H. Kalven & H. Zeisel, The American Jury
59
United States v. Dougherty
63
Notes and Questions on Nullification
66
P. Butler, Racially Based Jury Nullification: Black Power in the Criminal Justice System
73
R.L. Kennedy, Race, Crime, and the Law
75
Notes on the Jury's Role in Sentencing
76
Notes and Questions on Inconsistent Verdicts
79
ch. 2
Justification of Punishment
81
Introductory Note
81
A.
What is Punishment?
81
R.A. Wright, Prisons: Prisoners, Encyclopedia of Crime and Justice
82
Notes on Prison Conditions
83
Note on Civil Sanctions
87
B.
Probing the Basis for Punishment: A Classic Case
89
Introductory Note
89
Regina v. Dudley and Stephens
89
Notes and Questions
94
C.
Why Punish?
96
Introductory Note
96
1.
Utilitarian View
97
J. Bentham, An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation
97
J. Bentham, Principles of Penal Law
97
Notes and Questions
98
2.
Retribution
99
Introductory Note
99
I. Kant, The Philosophy of Law
100
M.S. Moore, The Moral Worth of Retribution
101
Note on Criticisms and Defenses of Retribution
102
H. Morris, On Guilt and Innocence
102
J. Murphy, Marxism and Retribution
103
J. Hampton, Correcting Harms versus Righting Wrongs: The Goal of Retribution
104
J.L. Mackie, Retribution: A Test Case for Ethical Objectivity
104
Note on Retribution as a Constraint
105
3.
"Cousins" of Retribution
106
Introductory Note
106
a.
Retaliation and Vengeance
107
J.F. Stephen, A History of the Criminal Law of England
107
Questions
107
Problem: Unexpected Harm
108
Problem: Victim-Impact Statements
109
b.
Social Cohesion
111
H.L.A. Hart, Punishment and Responsibility
111
E. Durkheim, The Division of Labor in Society
111
J.F. Stephen, A History of the Criminal Law of England
112
Note
112
Transitional Note
113
4.
Mixed Theories
113
Introductory Note
113
a.
Questioning the Classic Mixed Theory
115
M.S. Moore, Law and Psychiatry
115
Notes and Questions
115
b.
Statutory Solutions
116
Introductory Note
116
Model Penal Code [§]1.02(2)
116
New York Penal Law [§]1.05
116
California Penal Code [§]1170
117
Note on a New Model Penal Code Approach
117
Transitional Note
118
5.
Complexities of Crime Control
118
a.
Deterrence
118
Introductory Note
118
J.Q. Wilson, Thinking About Crime
119
P.H. Robinson & J.M. Darley, The Role of Deterrence in the Formulation of Criminal Code Rules
120
b.
Rehabilitation
122
M. Vitiello, Reconsidering Rehabilitation
122
M.S. Moore, Law and Psychiatry
123
Note---The Rise and Fall of the Medical Model
124
Note---Does Rehabilitation Work?
125
A. von Hirsch & L. Maher, Should Penal Rehabilitationism Be Revived?
126
c.
Incapacitation
128
F.E. Zimring & G. Hawkins, Incapacitation---Penal Confinement and the Restraint of Crime
128
J.J. DiIulio, Jr., Prisons Are a Bargain, by Any Measure
128
Notes
129
D.
Assigning Punishment---Sentencing
132
Introductory Note
132
1.
Sentence Length
133
D.B. Henriques & J. Healy, Madoff Goes to Jail After Guilty Pleas
133
United States v. Bernard L. Madoff
133
Notes
136
United States v. Jackson
138
Notes and Questions
140
2.
Kinds of Punishment
141
United States v. Gementera
141
Notes
145
D.M. Kahan, What Do Alternative Sanctions Mean?
146
T.M. Massaro, Shame, Culture, and American Criminal Law
146
J. Gilligan, Violence
147
J.Q. Whitman, What is Wrong with Inflicting Shame Sanctions?
147
E.
What to Punish?
150
Introductory Note
150
1.
Domain of Personal Choice
150
Note on the Harm Principle
150
2.
Optimal Tools for Regulating Harmful Conduct
152
Introductory Note
152
Problem---Indirect Harm and "Victimless" Crime
152
Problem---Emotional Harm and "Bullying"
154
ch. 3
Defining Criminal Conduct---The Elements of Just Punishment
157
A.
Introduction
157
B.
Legality
158
Commonwealth v. Mochan
158
Notes
160
McBoyle v. United States
162
Yates v. United States
163
Notes
172
Problem
175
Keeler v. Superior Court
176
Notes
180
Rogers v. Tennessee
181
Note
184
City of Chicago v. Morales
185
S. Chapman, Court Upholds America's Right to Hang Out
193
Notes
193
C.
Proportionality
202
Introductory Note
202
J. Bentham, Principles of Penal Law
202
H. Gross, A Theory of Criminal Justice
204
H.L.A. Hart & A. Honore, Causation in the Law
204
A.C. Ewing, A Study of Punishment II: Punishment as Viewed by the Philosopher
204
H.L.A. Hart, Law, Liberty and Morality
204
A. von Hirsch & A. Ashworth, Proportionate Sentencing: Exploring the Principles
205
Ewing v. California
205
Notes
211
Graham v. Florida
213
Notes
216
D.
Culpability
221
1.
Actus Reus---Culpable Conduct
221
a.
Requirement of Voluntary Action
221
Martin v. State
221
Notes and Questions
222
People v. Newton
224
Notes and Questions
226
M. Kelman, Interpretive Construction in the Substantive Criminal Law
231
M. Moore, Act and Crime
232
Note on Culpable Thoughts
232
W. Blackstone, Commentaries
233
J.F. Stephen, A History of the Criminal Law of England
233
G. Dworkin & G. Blumenfeld, Punishments for Intentions
233
G. Williams, Criminal Law: The General Part 2
233
A. Goldstein, Conspiracy to Defraud the United States
234
b.
Omissions
234
Jones v. United States
234
Notes
235
Pope v. State
236
Notes
238
J. Kleinig, Good Samaritanism
240
Notes on the Duties of a Bystander
242
Notes on Duties Triggered by Special Circumstances
245
Note on Possession
251
c.
Distinguishing Omissions from Acts
253
Barber v. Superior Court
253
Airedale NHS Trust v. Bland
255
Note
256
Cruzan
257
J. Robertson, Respect for Life in Bioethical Dilemmas---The Case of Physician-Assisted Suicide
257
2.
Mens Rea---Culpable Mental States
258
a.
Basic Conceptions
258
Introductory Note
258
Regina v. Cunningham
260
Regina v. Faulkner
262
Notes on Common-Law Terminology
263
State v. Hazelwood
268
Santillanes v. New Mexico
269
Elonis v. United States
270
Questions on Elonis
272
Note on the Model Penal Code Reforms
272
Model Penal Code and Commentaries, Comment to [§]2.02
273
Notes on Applying the MPC Approach
276
Burglary (N.Y. Penal Law [§]140.25) (2016)
276
Burglary (Cal. Penal Code [§][§]459-460) (2016)
276
Destruction of Property (D.C. Code Ann. [§]22-303) (2016)
276
Destruction of Property (N.Y. Penal Law [§]145.10) (2016)
277
b.
Distinguishing Recklessness from Knowledge
280
Introductory Note
280
United States v. Jewell
280
Notes
282
c.
Mistake of Fact
287
Regina v. Prince
287
Notes and Questions on Mistakes of Fact
288
Model Penal Codes and Commentaries, Comment to [§]2.04
291
Note on Current Law
292
People v. Olsen
294
Questions on Olsen
297
B (A Minor) v. Director of Public Prosecutions
298
Garnett v. State
300
Note on Statutory Rape
301
d.
Strict Liability
303
Introductory Note
303
United States v. Balint
303
United States v. Dotterweich
304
Morissette v. United States
305
Staples v. United States
309
Problems
312
State v. Guminga
313
Notes on Vicarious Liability
315
Notes on the Involuntary Act Defense to a Strict Liability Crime
317
Regina v. City of Sault Ste. Marie
319
Notes
321
Notes on the Academic Debate
322
A. Goodhart, Possession of Drugs and Absolute Liability
322
M. Kelman, Strict Liability: An Unorthodox View
323
P. Johnson, Strict Liability: The Prevalent View
324
S.J. Schulhofer, Harm and Punishment: A Critique of Emphasis on the Results of Conduct in the Criminal Law
324
D. Husak, Strict Liability, Justice, and Proportionality
324
Model Penal Code and Commentaries, Comment to [§]2.05
324
e.
Mistake of Law
325
Introductory Note
325
People v. Marrero
326
Notes on the Rationale of Ignorantia Legis
331
Notes on Scope of the Ignorantia Legis Doctrine
333
Cheek v. United States
336
Note on "Willfully" and "Knowingly"
338
United States v. International Minerals & Chemical Corp.
339
Liparota v. United States
339
United States v. Ansaldi
339
United States v. Overholt
339
Note on Mens Rea Reform
340
Notes on Official Reliance
341
Lambert v. California
344
Notes and Questions
346
Note on the "Cultural Defense"
349
ch. 4
Rape
351
A.
Perspectives
351
M.T. Gordon & S. Riger, The Female Fear: The Social Cost of Rape
351
Notes
352
B.
Statutory Frameworks
359
Introductory Note
359
California Penal Code, Title 9 (1950)
360
Model Penal Code Proposed Official Draft (1962)
360
California Penal Code, Title 9 (2016)
360
New York Penal Law (2016)
362
Wisconsin Statutes (2016)
363
C.
Actus Reus
364
1.
Force and Resistance
364
Introductory Note
364
State v. Rusk
364
Note on the Rusk Facts
368
State v. DiPetrillo
369
Notes on DiPetrillo
371
Notes on Force and Resistance
373
Notes on Coercion and Duress
376
S. Estrich, Real Rape
376
V. Berger, Not So Simple Rape
376
State v. Thompson
377
Commonwealth v. Mlinarich
377
2.
Eliminating the Force Requirement
384
State in the Interest of M.T.S.
384
Notes
388
Note on Developments Abroad
390
M.C. v. Bulgaria
391
Notes and Questions
395
D.P. Bryden, Redefining Rape
396
3.
Absence of Consent
396
Introductory Note
396
D.N. Husak & G.C. Thomas III, Date Rape, Social Convention and Reasonable Mistakes
400
V. Berger, Rape Law Reform at the Millennium
401
S.J. Schulhofer, Taking Sexual Autonomy Seriously
401
M.J. Anderson, Negotiating Sex
402
Notes on Defective Consent
403
4.
Deception
407
People v. Evans
407
Boro v. Superior Court
409
Notes on Deception
412
D.
Mens Rea
413
Commonwealth v. Sherry
413
Commonwealth v. Fischer
416
Note on the Fischer Case
420
Notes on Mistake as to Consent
420
D.N. Husak & G.C. Thomas IB, Date Rape, Social Convention and Reasonable Mistakes
426
C.A. MacKinnon, Feminism, Marxism, Method, and the State: Toward a Feminist Jurisprudence
426
E.
Statutory Solution?
426
Proposed Model Statute
427
Notes on Reform
429
F.
Marital Exemption
432
M. Hale, The History of the Pleas of the Crown
432
People v. Liberia
433
Notes
433
G.
Problems of Proof
436
Introductory Notes
436
Notes on Cross-Examination and Shield Laws
437
State v. DeLawder
439
Notes
440
ch. 5
Homicide
443
A.
Introduction
443
Report of the Royal Commission on Capital Punishment, 1945-1953
444
California Penal Code (2015)
446
Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes, Title 18 (2015)
447
New York Penal Law (2015)
449
Model Penal Code
450
Penal Code of Sweden
451
B.
Legislative Grading of Intended Killings
451
1.
Premeditation-Deliberation Formula
451
Introductory Note
451
Model Penal Code and Commentaries, Comment to [§]210.2
451
Commonwealth v. Carroll
452
State v. Guthrie
456
Notes on Premeditation
458
2.
Mitigation to Manslaughter
462
a.
Concept of Provocation
462
Girouard v. State
462
Maher v. People
464
Notes
468
S.J. Morse, Undiminished Confusion in Diminished Capacity
471
E.L. Miller (Comment), (Wo)manslaughter: Voluntary Manslaughter, Gender, and the Model Penal Code
472
A. Gruber, A Provocative Defense
472
Law Commission (U.K.), Report No. 290, Partial Defences to Murder
473
Note on Nonprovoking Victims and Provoking Defendants
477
b.
Model Penal Code Approach
479
People v. Casassa
479
Notes on the Model Penal Code
483
c.
Reasonable Person Requirement
485
Notes
485
C.
Legislative Grading of Unintended Killings
490
1.
Creation of Homicidal Risk
490
a.
Distinguishing Civil and Criminal Liability
490
Commonwealth v. Welansky
490
Notes and Questions
493
Rex v. Bateman
494
State v. Barnett
494
J. Hall, General Principles of Criminal Law
494
People v. Hall
496
Notes
498
b.
Objectivity and Individualization in Criminal Negligence
499
Introductory Note
499
State v. Williams
499
Notes and Questions
502
Notes on the Objective Standard
503
Problem
508
c.
Distinguishing Murder from Manslaughter
509
Commonwealth v. Malone
509
Notes
510
United States v. Fleming
513
Notes and Questions
514
2.
Felony-Murder Rule
517
a.
Basic Doctrine
517
Regina v. Serne
517
People v. Stamp
520
Notes on the Scope of the Felony-Murder Rule
521
Notes on the Rationale of the Felony-Murder Rule
522
People v. Washington
523
T.B. Macaulay, A Penal Code Prepared by the Indian Law Commissioners, Note M
523
G.P. Fletcher, Reflections on Felony-Murder
524
J.J. Tomkovicz, The Endurance of the Felony-Murder Rule
524
Model Penal Code and Commentaries, Comment to [§]210.2
525
Note on the MPC Solution
526
Notes on the Misdemeanor-Manslaughter Rule
526
Notes on Statutory Reform
527
Notes on Judicial Reform
529
b.
"Inherently Dangerous Felony" Limitation
530
People v. Phillips
530
Notes on Inherent Danger "In the Abstract"
532
Hines v. State
533
Notes on Inherent Danger "As Committed"
535
c.
Merger Doctrine
537
People v. Burton
537
Notes on the Merger Doctrine
540
People v. Chun
542
Questions
544
d.
Killings Not "In Furtherance" of the Felony
544
Introductory Note
544
State v. Canola
546
Notes
548
D.
Death Penalty
552
1.
Current Context
553
2.
Policy Considerations
555
a.
Deterrence
555
b.
Retribution
559
c.
Error
561
d.
Bias
563
3.
Constitutional Limitations
565
Introductory Note
565
Gregg v. Georgia
567
Notes
573
Atkins v. Virginia
580
Notes
585
McCleskey v. Kemp
590
Notes
597
ch. 6
Significance of Resulting Harm
603
A.
Causation
603
1.
Foreseeability and Coincidence
604
People v. Acosta
604
Notes and Questions
607
Notes on "Factual" and "Proximate" Cause
607
People v. Arzon
610
People v. Warner-Lambert Co.
611
Notes on Foreseeability and Risk
613
M. Hale, Pleas of the Crown
614
Regina v. Cheshire
615
State v. Shabazz
615
United States v. Main
615
Note on Omissions as Causes
616
Note on the Rationale of the Causation Requirement
616
Notes on Transferred Intent
618
2.
Subsequent Human Actions
619
a.
Subsequent Actions Intended to Produce the Result
619
People v. Campbell
619
People v. Kevorkian
620
Notes on Assisted Suicide
623
Notes on Intervening Human Action
624
Stephenson v. State
626
Comment on Stephenson
629
Notes on Subsequent Victim Behavior
630
Notes on Subsequent Acts of Third Parties
631
b.
Subsequent Actions That Recklessly Risk the Result
633
Introductory Notes
633
Commonwealth v. Root
635
Problems
636
State v. McFadden
637
Commonwealth v. Atencio
639
Notes and Questions
640
B.
Attempt
641
1.
Introduction
641
J.F. Stephen, A History of the Criminal Law
642
H.L.A. Hart, The Morality of the Criminal Law
642
J. Feinberg, Equal Punishment for Failed Attempts
643
A. Gruber, A Distributive Theory of Criminal Law
643
S.J. Schulhofer, Attempt
643
Model Penal Code [§]5.05(1)
643
Model Penal Code and Commentaries, Comment to [§]5.05
643
Note
644
2.
Mens Rea
644
Smallwood v. State
644
Notes and Questions
646
3.
Preparation versus Attempt
651
King v. Barker
651
People v. Rizzo
652
Notes
654
Note on the Interaction Between Actus Reus and Abandonment
655
McQuirter v. State
657
Notes and Questions
658
Notes on Substantive Crimes of Preparation
661
Notes on Stalking
662
United States v. Jackson
666
Note on Statutory Reform
669
Problems
669
4.
Solicitation
672
State v. Davis
672
United States v. Church
673
Note
674
Notes on Solicitation
674
5.
Impossibility
676
People v. Jaffe
676
People v. Dlugash
678
Notes on Impossibility
681
United States v. Berrigan
682
United States v. Oviedo
683
Case of Lady Eldon's French Lace
684
Comment
688
Note
690
ch. 7
Group Criminality
691
A.
Accountability for the Acts of Others
691
Introductory Notes
691
S.H. Kadish, A Theory of Complicity, in Issues in Contemporary Legal Philosophy: The Influence of H.L.A. Hart
691
1.
Mens Rea
695
Introductory Note
695
a.
Mens Rea for Actions of the Principal
695
Hicks v. United States
695
Problem: Variations on Hicks
698
State v. Gladstone
698
Notes and Questions
700
Rosemond v. United States
704
Notes and Questions
708
Note on Substantive Crimes of Facilitation
709
b.
Mens Rea for Results and Attendant Circumstances
713
State v. McVay
714
Commonwealth v. Roebuck
715
Notes and Questions
717
People v. Russell
719
Notes
721
c.
Natural and Probable Consequences Theory
721
People v. Luparello
721
Roy v. United States
724
Notes and Questions
725
2.
Actus Reus
727
a.
Encouragement
727
Wilcox v. Jeffery
727
Questions on Encouragement as Actus Reus
729
b.
Materiality of the Aid
730
State ex rel. Attorney General v. Tally, Judge
730
Problems on the Materiality of the Aid or Encouragement Given
731
3.
Relationship Between the Liability of the Parties
733
State v. Hayes
733
Vaden v. State
735
Notes and Questions
736
Notes and Problems on the Derivative Nature of Accomplice Liability
738
Notes on Differences in the Degree of Culpability
741
B.
Conspiracy
744
Introductory Notes
744
1.
Actus Reus of Conspiracy
748
Introductory Note
748
Perry v. State
748
Notes on the Required Agreement
751
Notes on the Overt Act Requirement
753
2.
Mens Rea of Conspiracy
756
People v. Lauria
756
Notes on Mens Rea
761
3.
Conspiracy as a Form of Accessorial Liability
766
Pinkerton v. United States
766
State v. Bridges
769
Note on the Merits of Pinkerton
771
Notes on Applications of Pinkerton
774
United States v. Alvarez
776
Note on Pinkerton and Minor Participants
778
4.
Duration and Scope of a Conspiracy
779
Notes
779
5.
Single or Multiple Conspiracies
784
Model Penal Code and Commentaries, Comment to [§]5.03
784
Kotteakos v. United States
785
Anderson v. Superior Court
787
United States v. Bruno
788
United States v. Borelli
788
Problem
789
United States v. McDermott
791
Questions
792
Note on Multiple Objectives
793
Note on the Model Penal Code Approach
794
Model Penal Code and Commentaries, Comment to [§]5.03
794
6.
Parties
795
Introductory Note
795
Gebardi v. United States
796
Notes
797
Garcia v. State
800
Notes
802
7.
Reassessing the Law of Conspiracy
803
P. Johnson, The Unnecessary Crime of Conspiracy
804
N.K. Katyal, Conspiracy Theory
804
8.
Criminal Enterprises and RICO
805
Introductory Note
805
Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act
806
Problem
808
Notes on the Enterprise Requirement
809
Notes on the Pattern Requirement
811
Notes on the Conduct and Participation Requirement
813
Notes on RICO Conspiracies
815
Note on the Controversy over RICO
818
United States v. Elliott
818
D. Sentelle, RICO: The Monster That Ate Jurisprudence
820
G.E. Lynch, RICO: The Crime of Being a Criminal
821
Note on Enterprise Liability Under State Law
822
C.
Liability Within the Corporate Framework
823
1.
Liability of the Corporate Entity
823
New York Central & Hudson River Railroad Co. v. United States
823
Questions
825
United States v. Hilton Hotels Corp.
826
Notes
828
Problem
837
Commonwealth v. Beneficial Finance Co.
837
State v. Community Alternatives Missouri, Inc.
841
Notes
842
2.
Punishing the Corporate Entity: The Problem of Sanctions
845
Introductory Note
845
United States v. Guidant LLC
845
Notes
847
3.
Liability of Corporate Agents
852
Introductory Note
852
Gordon v. United States
852
Note
854
United States v. Park
855
Notes
860
United States v. MacDonald & Watson Waste Oil Co.
862
Notes
864
ch. 8
Exculpation
869
A.
Introduction: The Concepts of Justification and Excuse
869
J.L. Austin, A Plea for Excuses
870
B.
Principles of Justification
870
1.
Protection of Life and Person
870
United States v. Peterson
870
Note on Self-Defense as a Justification
871
People v. Goetz
871
Notes on the Goetz Case
876
J. Berger, Goetz Case: Commentary on Nature of Urban Life
876
S.L. Carter, When Victims Happen to Be Black
877
Notes on Self-Defense and Race
878
A. Gruber, Race to Incarcerate: Punitive Impulse and the Bid to Repeal Stand Your Ground
879
American Bar Association, Report to the House of Delegates (National Task Force on and Your Ground Laws)
879
J.D. Armour, Race Ipsa Loquitur: Of Reasonable Racists, Intelligent Bayesians, and Involuntary Negrophobes
880
J. Markovitz, "A Spectacle of Slavery Unwilling to Die": Curbing Reliance on Racial Stereotyping in Self-Defense Cases
880
Notes on Deadly Force
881
Notes on Standards of Judgment
882
State v. Kelly
887
Notes on the Battered Woman's Syndrome
892
E. Schneider, Describing and Changing: Women's Self-Defense Work and the Problem of Expert Testimony on Battering
898
S. Estrich, Defending Women
898
Note on Nonpsychological Defenses
902
State v. Norman
903
R.A. Rosen, On Self-Defense, Imminence, and Women Who Kill Their Batterers
907
D. McCord & S.K. Lyons, Moral Reasoning and the Criminal Law: The Example of Self-Defense
908
Commonwealth v. Sands
909
Notes on the Imminent Danger Requirement
910
H. Dayan & E. Gross, Between the Hammer and the Anvil: Battered Women Claiming Self-Defense and a Legislative Proposal to Amend Section 3.04(2)(b) of the U.S. Model Penal Code
915
Notes and Questions on Other Issues of Self-Defense
916
State v. Abbott
919
Notes on the Duty to Retreat
921
United States v. Peterson
925
Notes and Questions
927
2.
Protection of Property
930
People v. Ceballos
930
Notes on Defense of Habitation
933
Note on Defense of Other Types of Property
936
3.
Use of Force in Law Enforcement
937
Introductory Note
937
Notes on the Legal Framework
939
S. Mullainathan, Police Killings of Blacks: Here is What the Data Say
944
4.
Choice of the Lesser Evil
945
People v. Unger
945
Model Penal Code [§]3.02
949
Model Penal Code and Commentaries, Comment to [§]3.02
949
Notes on Prison Escape
949
Notes on the Boundaries of the Necessity Defense
950
Notes on Medical Necessity
952
Notes on Economic Necessity
954
United States v. Schoon
956
Note
958
Regina v. Dudley and Stephens
958
Notes
958
Note on Taking Life to Save Life
960
Note on Rights versus Lives
961
Problems
963
Public Committee Against Torture v. State of Israel
965
Notes and Questions
968
5.
Euthanasia
972
Introductory Note
972
Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Dept. of Health
972
Washington v. Glucksberg
974
Notes
977
New York State Task Force on Life and the Law, When Death is Sought---Assisted Suicide in the Medical Context
980
J. Feinberg, Overlooking the Merits of the Individual Case: An Unpromising Approach to the Right to Die
981
S.H. Kadish, Letting Patients Die: Legal and Moral Reflections
981
C. Principles of Excuse
982
Introductory Note
982
1.
Introduction: What Are Excuses and Why Do We Have Them?
982
E.R. Milhizer, Justification and Excuse: What They Were, What They Are, and What They Ought to Be
982
S.H. Kadish, Excusing Crime
983
2.
Duress
985
State v. Toscano
985
Model Penal Code [§]2.09
988
Model Penal Code and Commentaries, Comment to [§]2.09
988
Notes on the Model Penal Code
990
Note: Necessity and Duress Compared
993
Notes on Duress
995
United States v. Fleming
996
United States v. Contento-Pachon
997
Regina v. Ruzic
998
Problem
1001
Note on Positive Inducements
1004
3.
Intoxication
1004
Introductory Note
1004
a.
Voluntary Intoxication
1004
G. Williams, Criminal Law: The General Part
1004
Roberts v. People
1004
People v. Hood
1005
State v. Stasio
1007
Notes on Voluntary Intoxication as Evidence Negating Mens Rea
1008
Model Penal Code [§]2.08
1010
Model Penal Code and Commentaries, Comment to [§]2.08
1010
b.
Involuntary Intoxication
1014
Introductory Note
1014
Regina v. Kingston
1015
Notes
1017
4.
Mental Disorder
1018
a.
Defense of Legal Insanity
1018
Introductory Notes
1018
Notes on Administering the Insanity Defense
1025
i.
Competing Formulations
1030
M'Naghten's Case
1030
King v. Porter
1031
Blake v. United States
1033
Model Penal Code and Commentaries (1985), [§]4.01
1035
United States v. Lyons
1037
Notes on the "Volitional Prong" Controversy
1041
Notes on Changes in the Law
1043
Note on Abolition of the Insanity Defense
1046
J. Weintraub, Insanity as a Defense: A Panel Discussion
1048
H. Wechsler, Insanity as a Defense: A Panel Discussion
1048
N. Morris, Psychiatry and the Dangerous Criminal
1049
Model Penal Code and Commentaries, Comment to [§]4.01
1049
Transitional Note
1050
ii.
Meaning of Wrong
1050
State v. Crenshaw
1050
Notes
1053
iii.
Meaning of "Mental Disease or Defect"
1055
State v. Guido
1055
Notes and Questions
1057
Note on the Psychopath
1058
Notes on Automatism---Sane and Insane
1060
b.
Diminished Capacity
1061
United States v. Brawner
1061
Clark v. Arizona
1063
Notes on Mental Disorder to Negate Mens Rea
1068
Note on Mental Disorder as a Ground for Mitigation
1070
5.
Changing Patterns of Excuse
1072
Robinson v. California
1072
Notes
1074
Powell v. Texas
1075
State ex-rel. Harper v. Zegeer
1081
Notes
1082
United States v. Moore
1084
M. Dan-Cohen, Actus Reus
1088
Notes
1088
Note on Environmental Deprivation
1089
R. Delgado, "Rotten Social Background": Should the Criminal Law Recognize a Defense of Severe Environmental Deprivation?
1089
Note
1090
H.L.A. Hart, Punishment and Responsibility
1092
C. Thomas, Punishment and Personhood
1092
Questions
1094
ch. 9
Theft Offenses
1097
A.
Means of Acquisition
1097
Model Penal Code and Commentaries, Comment to [§]223.1
1097
1.
Trespassory Takings
1099
People v. Williams
1099
Notes
1102
Topolewski v. State
1104
Notes
1105
Note on Robbery and Extortion
1106
Note, A Rationale of the Law of Aggravated Theft
1106
California Penal Code (2016) [§]211
1107
California Penal Code (2016) [§]212
1107
California Penal Code (2016) [§]518
1107
California Penal Code (2016) [§]519
1107
Model Penal Code [§]222.1
1108
Model Penal Code [§]223.4
1108
Model Penal Code and Commentaries, Comment to [§]223.4
1108
2.
Misappropriation
1109
Nolan v. State
1109
Note on Embezzlement
1110
Burns v. State
1112
Note on the Misappropriating Bailee
1112
Notes on Appropriation of Lost Property and Property Transferred by Mistake
1113
Problem
1115
State v. Riggins
1116
Model Penal Code, [§]223.8
1119
Model Penal Code and Commentaries, Comment to [§]223.8
1119
Note
1121
3.
Fraud
1122
Introductory Note
1122
Hufstetler v. State
1123
Graham v. United States
1124
Notes and Questions
1126
People v. Ashley
1126
Notes and Questions
1129
Nelson v. United States
1131
Problem
1133
4.
Blackmail
1135
State v. Harrington
1135
Notes and Questions
1137
People v. Fichtner
1140
Note
1142
Note on the Rationale of Blackmail
1143
J. Lindgren, Unraveling the Paradox of Blackmail
1143
G.P. Fletcher, Blackmail: The Paradigmatic Crime
1143
D.H. Ginsburg & P. Shechtman, Blackmail: An Economic Analysis of the Law
1144
W.J. Gordon, Truth and Consequences: The Force of Blackmail's Central Case
1144
5.
Consolidation
1145
Introductory Note
1145
Model Penal Code [§]223.1
1145
New York Penal Law [§]155.05 (2016)
1146
New York Penal Law [§]155.45 (2016)
1146
Illinois Compiled Statutes Chapter 720, Section 5/16-1 (2016)
1146
California Penal Code [§]484(a) (2016)
1146
California Penal Code [§]952 (2016)
1147
B.
Property Subject to Theft
1147
1.
Traditional Theft
1147
State v. Miller
1147
Notes
1149
2.
Theft of Information
1152
United States v. Girard
1152
Notes
1153
Regina v. Stewart
1159
Note
1160
3.
Honest Services
1161
Skilling v. United States
1162
Notes
1166
C.
Mens Rea
1169
People v. Brown
1169
Note
1170
People v. Jennings
1171
Regina v. Feely
1172
Notes and Questions on Intent to Restore or Pay
1174
People v. Reid
1176
Notes
1177
ch. 10
Discretion
1179
A.
Decision to Charge
1181
Introductory Notes
1181
Inmates of Attica Correctional Facility v. Rockefeller
1187
Notes on Checking the Decision Not to Prosecute
1190
Problem
1194
Notes on "Compulsory" Prosecution in Europe
1195
Note on Selective Prosecution
1196
United States v. Armstrong
1197
P. Karlan, Race, Rights, and Remedies in Criminal Adjudication
1201
Notes and Questions
1201
Problem
1203
B.
Plea Bargaining
1204
Brady v. United States
1204
A.W. Alschuler, The Supreme Court, the Defense Attorney, and the Guilty Plea
1207
Notes on Plea Bargaining
1208
Notes on the Policy Debate
1211
Santobello v. New York
1212
A.W. Alschuler, Book Review
1212
Scott v. United States
1213
Bordenkircher v. Hayes
1220
D. Lynch, The Impropriety of Plea Agreements: A Tale of Two Counties
1223
Notes
1224
G.E. Lynch, Our Administrative System of Criminal Justice
1225
Notes and Questions
1228
C.
Sentencing
1230
1.
Discretionary Sentencing Systems
1231
Williams v. New York
1231
Note, Due Process and Legislative Standards in Sentencing
1234
Notes
1234
F. Allen, The Borderland of Criminal Justice
1237
M. Frankel, Criminal Sentencing: Law Without Order
1237
Twentieth Century Fund, Task Force on Criminal Sentencing, Fair and Certain Punishment
1238
2.
Sentencing Reform
1238
Introductory Notes
1238
United States v. Vasquez
1241
F.O. Bowman, III, The Failure of the Federal Sentencing Guidelines: A Structural Analysis
1245
Notes on the Sentencing Guideline Approach
1249
United States v. Deegan
1254
Notes and Questions
1258
Notes on the Jury's Role in Sentencing
1260
Appendix, American Law Institute, Model Penal Code
1263
Table of Cases
1321
Table of Authorities
1333
Index
1387