Summary
Methodology
Glossary of Terms
"Shuanggui" and the Chinese Communist Party
What Is Shuanggui?
Who Runs Shuanggui?
Why Use Shuanggui?
How Many People Are Detained in Shuanggui?
Shuanggui: Targets, Procedures, and Limits
Recent Changes to the Use of Shuanggui
Shuanggui under National and International Law: The Right to Liberty
The Right Not to be Tortured
Abuses in Shuanggui
Arbitrary Detention: Detention Facilities
Lack of Formal Notification
Prolonged Indefinite Detention
Lack of Evidence
Torture and Ill-Treatment: Solitary Confinement
Sleep Deprivation
Stress Positions
Deprivation of Adequate Water and Food
Beatings
Deaths in Custody
Lack of Protection from Abuse: No Access to Lawyers
Participation of Medical Professionals in Shuanggui
Exploitation of Shuanggui by the Procuratorate
Exclusionary Rule in Criminal Procedures Rendered Meaningless
Lack of Accountability: Who Supervises the Supervisors?
Recommendations: To the Chinese Government
To the National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC)
To the Supreme People's Procuratorate
To the Ministry of Health
To Governments and international agencies funding Chinese legal reform, security sector training projects, or anti-corruption cooperation
Acknowledgements.