Dean & Dyer, introduction to intellectual property law / Owen Dean (editor), Alison Dyer (editor) ; Tertia Beharie [and 14 others].
2014
KTL1155 .D43 2014 (Map It)
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Title
Dean & Dyer, introduction to intellectual property law / Owen Dean (editor), Alison Dyer (editor) ; Tertia Beharie [and 14 others].
Published
Cape Town, South Africa : Oxford University Press, 2014.
Call Number
KTL1155 .D43 2014
Former Call Number
So.Af 670 D344 2014
ISBN
9780199045792 (pbk.)
0199045798 (pbk.)
0199045798 (pbk.)
Description
xli, 550 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)903955530
Note
"Commercial law."
Formerly CIP.
Formerly CIP.
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references (pages 493-501) and index.
Record Appears in
Portion of Title
Introduction to intellectual property law
Added Author
Table of Contents
Preface
xxv
Acknowledgements
xxix
Foreword
xxxi
About the Authors
xxxv
ch. 1
Copyright
1
1.1.
Introduction
3
1.1.1.
Description of copyright
3
1.1.2.
Legislative framework and international arrangements
4
1.2.
Protectable subject matter
7
1.2.1.
What constitutes a `work'?
7
1.2.2.
classes of `works' in which copyright can subsist
8
1.2.2.1.
Literary works
8
1.2.2.2.
Musical works
9
1.2.2.3.
Artistic works
10
1.2.2.4.
Cinematograph films
11
1.2.2.5.
Sound recordings
12
1.2.2.6.
Broadcasts
13
1.2.2.7.
Programme-carrying signals
13
1.2.2.8.
Published editions
13
1.2.2.9.
Computer programs
14
1.2.3.
Importance of classification
15
1.3.
Requirements for subsistence of copyright
15
1.3.1.
No formalities prescribed
15
1.3.2.
Originality
16
1.3.3.
Material form
18
1.3.4.
Author a `qualified person'/Work first published in Berne Convention country
19
1.4.
Authorship
19
1.4.1.
Determination of `author' with reference to the type of work
19
1.5.
Duration and effect
21
1.5.1.
Determination of `duration' with reference to the type of work
21
1.5.1.1.
Literary, musical and artistic works (other than photographs)
21
1.5.1.2.
Cinematograph films, photographs and computer programs
22
1.5.1.3.
Sound recordings
22
1.5.1.4.
Broadcasts
22
1.5.1.5.
Programme-carrying signals
22
1.5.1.6.
Published editions
22
1.5.2.
Determination of `effect' or `content' of copyright with reference to the type of work
23
1.5.2.1.
Literary and musical works
23
1.5.2.2.
Artistic works
23
1.5.2.3.
Cinematograph films
24
1.5.2.4.
Sound recordings
24
1.5.2.5.
Broadcasts
24
1.5.2.6.
Programme-carrying signals
24
1.5.2.7.
Published editions
25
1.5.2.8.
Computer programs
25
1.6.
Ownership
25
1.6.1.
General rule pertaining to ownership of copyright
25
1.6.2.
Exceptions
25
1.6.2.1.
Works intended for publication
25
1.6.2.2.
Specific works created for payment
26
1.6.2.3.
Employer/employee
26
1.6.2.4.
Vesting of the ownership of copyright
27
1.6.2.5.
state and international organisations
27
1.7.
Assignments and licences
29
1.7.1.
Formalities for the valid assignment of copyright
29
1.7.2.
Exclusive, non-exclusive and sole licences
30
1.7.2.1.
Exclusive licence
31
1.7.2.2.
Non-exclusive licence
31
1.7.2.3.
Sole licences
32
1.7.2.4.
`Needletime' licences
32
1.8.
Infringement
32
1.8.1.
Direct infringement
33
1.8.2.
Indirect infringement
38
1.8.2.1.
Dealing in infringing articles for purposes of trade
38
1.8.2.2.
Public performances
39
1.8.2.3.
Parallel importation/grey goods
39
1.8.3.
Criminal infringement
43
1.8.4.
Distinguishing copyright infringement from plagiarism
44
1.9.
Statutory defences to infringement of copyright
45
1.9.1.
Specific defences relying on exemptions
45
1.9.1.1.
Fair dealing
45
1.9.1.2.
Various other general exceptions
47
1.9.1.3.
Records of musical works
48
1.9.1.4.
Specific exceptions for artistic works
49
1.9.1.5.
Reverse engineering exception for artistic works
49
1.9.1.6.
Specific exception for programme-carrying signals
51
1.9.1.7.
Specific exception for computer programs
51
1.9.2.
Other defences provided for by regulation
52
1.9.3.
Copyright Tribunal
52
1.10.
Author's moral rights
53
1.10.1.
Right of paternity
54
1.10.2.
Right of integrity
54
1.11.
Onus of proof In proceedings
54
1.11.1.
General
54
1.11.2.
Essential averments
55
1.11.3.
Presumptions
55
1.11.4.
Affidavit evidence
57
1.12.
Remedies for copyright infringement
57
1.13.
Checklist In considering viability of a copyright Infringement claim
59
1.14.
Registration of copyright in cinematograph films
60
1.14.1.
Nature and purpose of the Registration Act
60
1.14.2.
Procedure for obtaining registration
61
1.14.2.1.
applicant
61
1.14.2.2.
Procedure
61
1.14.2.3.
Grant, duration and effect
63
1.14.3.
Objection to registration
63
1.15.
Performers' protection
64
1.15.1.
Nature and purpose of the Performers' Protection Act and conditions for protection
64
1.15.2.
Content and infringement of performers' right
65
1.15.3.
Specific defences
66
1.15.4.
Licensing and the unassignability of performers' rights
67
1.16.
Traditional knowledge
67
1.16.1.
Protection of traditional knowledge under copyright law
68
1.16.1.1.
Traditional works
68
1.16.1.2.
Requirements for subsistence of copyright in traditional works
69
1.16.1.3.
Authorship and ownership
71
1.16.1.4.
Duration and effect
72
1.16.1.4.1.
Term of protection
72
1.16.1.4.2.
Restricted acts in relation to traditional works
72
1.16.1.5.
Exemptions from infringement of copyright in traditional works
73
1.16.1.6.
Assignment and licences
74
1.16.2.
Amendment of the Performers' Protection Act, 1967, by the Amendment Act
75
ch. 2
Trade Marks
77
2.1.
General introduction
79
2.2.
Trade mark registration and formalities
79
2.2.1.
Introduction
79
2.2.2.
use and value of registered trade marks in modern society
80
2.2.3.
classification of goods and services
82
2.2.4.
Registrability and conflict searches
85
2.2.5.
registration procedure
86
2.2.5.1.
Introduction
86
2.2.5.2.
register and Registrar of Trade Marks
86
2.2.5.3.
registration process
87
2.2.5.4.
Filing the application
88
2.2.5.5.
Examination by the Registrar
89
2.2.5.6.
Refusal or provisional refusal of trade mark applications
91
2.2.5.7.
Acceptance, advertisement and registration
91
2.2.6.
Amendment of trade marks and specifications of goods/services
92
2.2.7.
Renewal of trade marks
92
2.3.
Nature and essence of a trade mark
93
2.3.1.
What is a `mark'?
93
2.3.2.
What is a trade mark?
97
2.3.3.
Special trade marks (certification and collective marks)
99
2.3.3.1.
Certification trade marks
99
2.3.3.2.
Collective trade marks
99
2.3.3.3.
General
100
2.3.4.
Trade marks under the Intellectual Property Laws Amendment Act 28 of 2013 (Indigenous Knowledge)
100
2.4.
Registrability of trade marks
103
2.4.1.
Introduction
103
2.4.2.
Capable of distinguishing (section 9)
103
2.4.3.
Disqualifications from registration (section 10)
106
2.4.3.1.
Lack of intrinsic registrability
106
2.4.3.2.
Prohibited marks
112
2.4.3.3.
Proprietorship and good faith
114
2.4.3.4.
Third party rights
115
2.5.
transfer of trade marks and licensing
116
2.5.1.
`Transfer' of rights in a trade mark
117
2.5.2.
Assignment
117
2.5.3.
Transmission
118
2.5.4.
Recordal of assignment or transmission
119
2.5.5.
Licensing of registered trade marks
120
2.6.
Trade mark oppositions
121
2.6.1.
Introduction
121
2.6.2.
Grounds of opposition
122
2.6.2.1.
Lack of intrinsic registrability
122
2.6.2.2.
Prohibited marks
122
2.6.2.3.
Proprietorship and good faith
122
2.6.2.4.
Third party rights
123
2.6.3.
Opposition procedure
128
2.7.
Rectification of trade marks
136
2.7.1.
Introduction
130
2.7.2.
Purpose of rectification proceedings
130
2.7.3.
Interested party
131
2.7.4.
Grounds of rectification
132
2.7.4.1.
Section 24(1): entries wrongly made or remaining on the register
132
2.7.4.2.
Section 27: non-use
134
2.7.5.
Procedure
138
2.8.
Honest concurrent use
138
2.9.
Trade mark infringement
139
2.9.1.
Introduction
139
2.9.2.
Grounds of infringement
140
2.9.2.1.
Section 34(1)(a): identical goods/services
140
2.9.2.2.
Section 34(1)(b): similar goods/services
148
2.9.2.3.
Section 34(1)(c): dilution
151
2.9.2.4.
Section 35: `famous' marks
156
2.9.3.
Defences to infringement
159
2.9.3.1.
Section 34(2)(a): bona fide use of own name
159
2.9.3.2.
Section 34(2)(b): bona fide descriptive use
160
2.9.3.3.
Section 34(2)(c): bona fide use to indicate intended purpose
162
2.9.3.4.
Section 34(2)(d): use on genuine goods
163
2.9.3.5.
Section 34(2)(e): bona fide use of utilitarian features
163
2.9.3.6.
Section 34(2)(f): use for which a registration does not extend
163
2.9.3.7.
Section 34(2)(g): concurrent registration
164
2.9.3.8.
Acquiescence and estoppel
164
2.9.4.
Procedure for lodging a claim for trade mark infringement
164
2.9.5.
Remedies
164
2.10.
Passing off
166
2.10.1.
Introduction
166
2.10.2.
Elements of passing off
166
2.10.2.1.
Reputation
167
2.10.2.2.
Misrepresentation
170
2.10.2.3.
Likelihood of confusion
175
2.10.3.
Procedure for instituting a passing off claim
177
2.10.4.
Remedies
177
2.10.5.
Defences
177
2.11.
Determining the likelihood of confusion: comparison of marks
178
2.12.
Conclusion
183
ch. 3
Unlawful Competition
184
3.1.
Introduction
184
3.2.
Development of unlawful competition
186
3.2.1.
Aquilian action
186
3.2.2.
rise of unlawful competition
187
3.3.
right to attract custom
190
3.4.
Competition principle
191
3.5.
Types of unlawful competition
191
3.5.1.
Common law grounds
193
3.5.1.1.
Passing off
193
3.5.1.2.
Leaning on
193
3.5.1.3.
Misappropriation and misuse of trade secrets of another
194
3.5.1.4.
Misrepresentation as to geographic origin of goods
195
3.5.1.5.
Misrepresentation as to nature/composition of goods
196
3.5.1.6.
Misrepresentation as to class or quality of goods
196
3.5.1.7.
Misrepresentation that another trader's goods are own goods
196
3.5.1.8.
Dishonest adoption of sign or get-up of competitor
196
3.5.1.9.
Adoption of trade description of competitor
197
3.5.1.10.
Disparaging comments regarding a competitor's business
198
3.5.1.11.
Interference with contractual relationships
199
3.5.1.12.
Boycotting of a business
199
3.5.1.13.
Physical or psychological pressure exerted on a rival's customers or employees
200
3.5.1.14.
Trading in contravention of a right of another
200
3.5.2.
Statutory prohibitions
200
3.5.2.1.
Parallel importation
201
3.5.2.2.
False trade descriptions
203
3.5.2.3.
Prohibited emblems and marks
204
3.5.2.4.
Ambush marketing and protected events
205
3.6.
Defences
208
3.6.1.
Self-defence
208
3.6.2.
Emergency or necessity
208
3.6.3.
Public interest
208
3.7.
Relationship with the Trade Marks Act and other IP statutes
209
3.8.
Remedies
209
3.9.
Conclusion
210
ch. 4
Counterfeit Goods
211
4.1.
Introduction to the Counterfeit Goods Act
212
4.1.1.
Definitions
213
4.1.1.1.
Counterfeit goods
213
4.1.1.2.
Intellectual property rights
214
4.1.1.3.
Dealing in counterfeit goods
215
4.1.2.
Offence of dealing in counterfeit goods
215
4.2.
Search and seizure operation
215
4.2.1.
Who may lodge a complaint?
215
4.2.2.
What are the substantive requirements for a complaint?
216
4.2.3.
Lodging the complaint with inspectors
219
4.2.3.1.
Definition of inspectors
219
4.2.4.
inspector's consideration of the complaint
219
4.2.5.
Application for a search and seizure warrant
220
4.2.6.
Execution of a warrant
222
4.2.7.
Initiating a search and seizure without a warrant
223
4.2.8.
Powers of inspector to search, seize and collect evidence
225
4.2.9.
Duties of the inspector
225
4.2.9.1.
Preparation of inventory of seized goods
225
4.2.9.2.
Transportation of seized goods to a counterfeit goods depot
226
4.2.9.3.
Notice of seizure
226
4.2.10.
Storage of seized goods and access
227
4.3.
Post seizure
227
4.3.1.
Lodging of criminal complaint
227
4.3.2.
Obligations of state and complainant
227
4.3.3.
Application for release by a dispossessed party
228
4.3.4.
Orders that a court may issue
229
4.4.
Border control
230
4.4.1.
Who may lodge the application?
230
4.4.2.
Substantive requirements for the application
230
4.4.3.
Response by the Commissioner
231
4.4.4.
Detention of goods by the customs authorities
231
4.4.5.
Post-detention procedure and seizure
233
4.5.
General
233
4.5.1.
Evidence and presumptions
233
4.5.2.
Liability for loss or damage
235
4.5.3.
Penalties
235
ch. 5
Patents
237
5.1.
Introduction
239
5.1.1.
History
239
5.1.2.
nature of the right
239
5.1.2.1.
Monopoly
239
5.1.2.2.
Territorial nature
239
5.1.3.
legislative framework and international arrangements
240
5.2.
Basic requirements for obtaining a patent
241
5.2.1.
Introduction
241
5.2.2.
What is an invention?
241
5.2.2.1.
Discoveries
241
5.2.2.2.
Scientific theories
241
5.2.2.3.
Mathematical methods
241
5.2.2.4.
Literary, dramatic, musical and/or artistic works
242
5.2.2.5.
Schemes, rules, methods of performing mental acts, playing games or doing business
242
5.2.2.6.
Computer programs
242
5.2.2.7.
Presentation of information
243
5.2.2.8.
Offensive or immoral behaviour
243
5.2.2.9.
Varieties of plants or animals or biological methods for their production
243
5.2.2.10.
Medical methods of treatment
244
5.2.2.11.
Inventions contrary to natural laws
244
5.2.2.12.
Nuclear energy and material and inventions which are contrary to law
244
5.2.3.
Novelty
245
5.2.3.1.
`state of the art' and `made available to the public'
245
5.2.3.2.
Exceptions to the `general rule' of novelty
246
5.2.3.3.
test for novelty
247
5.2.4.
Inventiveness
248
5.2.4.1.
Obvious to a person skilled in the art
248
5.2.4.2.
test for obviousness
249
5.2.4.3.
Mosaicing
251
5.2.4.4.
New uses of known contrivances
251
5.2.5.
Capable of being used or applied in trade or industry or agriculture
251
5.2.6.
Lack of utility
251
5.3.
Procedure for obtaining a patent
252
5.3.1.
applicant and the inventor
252
5.3.2.
Patent applications
253
5.3.2.1.
Provisional patent applications
254
5.3.2.2.
Complete patent applications
255
5.3.2.3.
PCT patent applications
257
5.3.2.4.
National phase applications
258
5.3.3.
Procedure after filing
258
5.3.4.
Grant, duration and effect
259
5.4.
Amendment and correction
260
5.4.1.
Corrections - section 50
260
5.4.2.
Amendments - section 51
261
5.4.2.1.
Amendment of provisional patent applications
262
5.4.2.2.
Amendment of a patent application prior to grant
262
5.4.2.3.
Amendment of a patent after grant
263
5.4.2.4.
Amendment of a patent in the course of legal proceedings
263
5.4.3.
Procedure on amendment
263
5.4.4.
Grounds of objection to amendment
264
5.5.
Revocation
265
5.5.1.
absolute nature of the grounds
265
5.5.2.
applicant for revocation
266
5.5.3.
When an application for revocation may be brought
266
5.5.4.
grounds
266
5.5.4.1.
patentee is not entitled to apply
267
5.5.4.2.
patent was granted in fraud of rights of the applicant
267
5.5.4.3.
invention is not patentable under section 25
267
5.5.4.4.
Inutility
268
5.5.4.5.
Insufficiency
268
5.5.4.6.
Ambiguity and fair basis
269
5.5.4.7.
False statement or representation
270
5.5.4.8.
Frivolous, immoral or illegal inventions and nuclear inventions
271
5.5.4.9.
Microbiological requirements not met
271
5.5.5.
Procedure
272
5.5.6.
Partial validity
272
5.6.
Infringement
273
5.6.1.
Locus standi
273
5.6.2.
Determination of infringement
273
5.6.3.
Acts of infringement
273
5.6.3.1.
Making
273
5.6.3.2.
Using
273
5.6.3.3.
Exercising
274
5.6.3.4.
Disposing of
274
5.6.3.5.
Offering to dispose of
274
5.6.3.6.
Importing
274
5.6.4.
Presumptions in relation to new substances
275
5.6.5.
Marketing approval
275
5.6.6.
Construction of the claims
275
5.6.6.1.
Literal infringement
275
5.6.6.2.
Purposive construction
276
5.6.7.
role of expert evidence
277
5.6.8.
Defences
277
5.6.8.1.
Invalidity of the patent
278
5.6.8.2.
Leave and licence
278
5.6.8.3.
Exhaustion of rights
279
5.6.8.4.
Acquiescence, election, waiver and estoppel
279
5.6.8.5.
Ignorance not a defence
279
5.6.8.6.
Invalidity of a single claim
279
5.6.9.
Contributory infringement
279
5.6.10.
Remedies
280
5.6.11.
Procedure
281
5.7.
General
281
5.7.1.
Restoration
281
5.7.2.
Patents of addition
282
5.7.3.
Assignment and licensing
282
ch. 6
Plant Breeders' Rights
283
6.1.
Introduction
284
6.1.1.
essence of plant breeders' rights
284
6.1.2.
International arrangements
284
6.2.
nature of plant breeders' rights
284
6.2.1.
Plant varieties
284
6.2.2.
Requirements for registrability
285
6.2.2.1.
Breeder/applicant
285
6.2.2.2.
Bred, discovered and developed
285
6.2.2.3.
New
286
6.2.2.4.
Distinct
287
6.2.2.5.
Uniform
287
6.2.2.6.
Stable
287
6.3.
Registration
288
6.3.1.
Registration procedure
288
6.3.2.
Claiming priority
289
6.3.3.
Denomination
289
6.3.4.
Publication
289
6.3.5.
Opposition to the grant of a plant breeder's right
289
6.3.6.
Provisional protection
290
6.3.7.
Evaluation
290
6.3.8.
Grant/refusal
290
6.3.9.
Duration
290
6.3.10.
Restoration
290
6.4.
Infringement
291
6.4.1.
Effect of a plant breeder's right
291
6.4.2.
Exceptions to infringement
291
6.4.2.1.
General exceptions
291
6.4.2.2.
Research/breeders' exception
291
6.4.2.3.
Farmers' privilege
292
6.4.3.
Remedies in respect of infringement
292
6.5.
General
293
6.5.1.
Revocation
293
6.5.2.
Transfer of plant breeder's right
293
6.5.3.
Licensing
293
6.5.4.
Compulsory licences
293
6.5.5.
Marking
294
6.5.6.
Plant variety listing
294
ch. 7
Designs
295
7.1.
nature of a registered design
296
7.1.1.
Designs and patents
297
7.1.2.
Designs and trade marks
298
7.1.3.
Designs and copyright
299
7.2.
legislative framework and international arrangements
300
7.3.
Basic requirements for obtaining a registered design
300
7.3.1.
What is a registered design?
300
7.3.2.
Protectable features
301
7.3.2.1.
Definitions
301
7.3.2.2.
Article
301
7.3.2.2.1.
Definition of an article
301
7.3.2.2.2.
Sets of articles
303
7.3.2.2.3.
Class
304
7.3.2.3.
Shape, configuration, pattern and ornamentation
304
7.3.2.4.
Judged solely by the eye
306
7.3.2.5.
Necessitated by the function
307
7.3.3.
Requirements for registrability
307
7.3.3.1.
Basic requirements
307
7.3.3.2.
Novelty
307
7.3.3.2.1.
Novelty criteria
307
7.3.3.2.2.
Exclusions
308
7.3.3.2.3.
Test for novelty
309
7.3.3.3.
Originality
310
7.3.3.4.
Not commonplace
311
7.3.4.
Additional requirements
311
7.3.4.1.
Unity of design
311
7.3.4.2.
Multiplied by an industrial process
311
7.3.4.3.
Articles in the nature of spare parts
312
7.3.4.4.
Functional features
313
7.3.4.5.
Methods or principles of construction
314
7.4.
Procedure for obtaining a registered design
314
7.4.1.
applicant
314
7.4.2.
Procedure
315
7.4.3.
Grant, duration and effect
317
7.5.
Revocation
318
7.5.1.
absolute nature of the grounds for revocation
318
7.5.2.
applicant for revocation
318
7.5.3.
When an application for revocation may be brought
318
7.5.4.
grounds for revocation
318
7.5.4.1.
Applicant not entitled
319
7.5.4.2.
Application in fraud of rights
319
7.5.4.3.
Design not registrable under section 14
319
7.5.4.4.
False statement
320
7.5.4.5.
Application should have been refused under section 16
320
7.5.5.
Procedure
320
7.6.
Infringement
321
7.6.1.
Locus standi
321
7.6.2.
Determination of infringement
321
7.6.2.1.
Acts of infringement
321
7.6.2.2.
Act in correct class
322
7.6.2.3.
Assessment of infringement
322
7.6.3.
Defences
323
7.6.4.
Remedies
324
7.6.5.
Procedure
324
7.7.
General
324
7.7.1.
Correction and amendment
324
7.7.2.
Restoration
325
7.7.3.
Assignment and licensing
326
7.8.
Traditional designs
326
7.8.1.
Basic requirements for obtaining a traditional design
326
7.8.1.1.
Forms of traditional designs
326
7.8.1.2.
Requirements for registrability
327
7.8.2.
Procedure for obtaining registration of a traditional design
328
7.8.2.1.
applicant
328
7.8.2.2.
procedure
328
7.8.2.3.
Grant, duration and effect
328
7.8.3.
Revocation of a traditional design
329
7.8.4.
Infringement of a traditional design
329
7.8.5.
General
330
7.8.5.1.
Benefit sharing
330
ch. 8
Traditional Knowledge, Traditional Cultural Expressions And Folklore
331
8.1.
Introduction: background
332
8.1.1.
Definition of traditional knowledge
333
8.1.2.
Structure of this chapter
333
pt. A
8.2 Biodiversity and traditional knowledge with respect to patents
333
8.2.1.
Definitions
334
8.2.1.1.
Biodiversity
334
8.2.1.2.
Indigenous biological resource
334
8.2.1.3.
Indigenous species
334
8.2.1.4.
Genetic resource
334
8.2.1.5.
Traditional knowledge and use
334
8.2.1.6.
Bioprospecting
334
8.2.1.7.
Biopiracy
335
8.2.2.
Convention on Biological Diversity
335
8.2.3.
Nagoya Protocol
336
8.2.4.
National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act 10 of 2004 (NEMBA)
336
8.2.4.1.
Background
336
8.2.4.2.
Permits
337
8.2.4.3.
Benefit-sharing agreements
338
8.2.4.4.
Material transfer agreements
338
8.2.4.5.
Discovery phase notification form
338
8.2.5.
Patents Amendment Act 20 of 2005
338
8.2.6.
Case studies
339
8.2.6.1.
Hoodia
339
8.2.6.2.
Rooibos/honeybush
340
8.2.6.3.
Pelargonium sidoides and Pelargonium reniforme
341
pt. B
8.3 Traditional knowledge and traditional cultural expressions with respect to trade marks, copyright, performers' protection and designs
342
8.3.1.
Definition of traditional cultural expressions or expressions of folklore
342
8.3.2.
interface between TK, TCEs/Folklore and conventional intellectual property (IP)
343
8.3.3.
Challenges surrounding the protection of TK/TCEs
344
8.3.4.
international response
346
8.3.5.
South Africa's solution
347
8.3.6.
Intellectual Property Laws Amendment Act 28 of 2013 (IPLAA)
347
8.3.6.1.
Nature and objectives of the IPLAA
347
8.3.7.
Common definitions and concepts introduced into host Acts
348
8.3.7.1.
Indigenous community
348
8.3.7.2.
Indigenous cultural expressions or knowledge
348
8.3.7.3.
Community protocols
349
8.3.7.4.
Unsatisfactory approach
350
8.3.8.
Administrative structures
350
8.3.8.1.
National Council for IK
350
8.3.8.2.
National Trust for IK
351
8.3.8.3.
National Trust Fund for IK
351
8.3.8.4.
National Database for IK
351
8.3.9.
Protection of traditional properties in host Acts
353
8.3.9.1.
Trademarks
353
8.3.9.2.
Copyright
354
8.3.9.3.
Performers' protection
354
8.3.9.4.
Designs
355
8.3.10.
Saving of vested rights
355
8.3.11.
Role of collecting societies
355
8.3.12.
Dispute resolution
357
8.3.13.
Modes of protection for TK/TCEs
357
8.4.
Conclusion
358
ch. 9
Commercial Considerations For Transactions Involving Intellectual Property
360
9.1.
Assignment
361
9.1.1.
Patents and designs
361
9.1.1.1.
Recordal of assignment
361
9.1.2.
Trade marks
362
9.1.2.1.
Recordal of assignment
363
9.1.3.
Copyright
364
9.1.3.1.
Formalities for the valid assignment of copyright
364
9.1.4.
Assignment of intellectual property rights in respect of traditional properties
365
9.2.
Licensing
366
9.2.1.
Introduction
366
9.2.2.
Fundamental terms of a licence
366
9.2.2.1.
subject of the licence
366
9.2.2.2.
Protected acts
367
9.2.2.2.1.
Patents
367
9.2.2.2.2.
Designs
367
9.2.2.2.3.
Trade marks
367
9.2.2.2.4.
Copyright
367
9.2.2.3.
Field of use
368
9.2.2.4.
Nature of the licence
368
9.2.2.5.
duration of the licence
369
9.2.2.6.
territory of the licence
369
9.2.2.7.
Licence fees
369
9.2.2.8.
Sublicensing
370
9.2.2.9.
Other important licence terms
371
9.2.3.
Formalities and recordal of licences
371
9.2.3.1.
Patents and designs
371
9.2.3.2.
Trade marks
372
9.2.3.3.
Copyright
373
9.2.4.
Expressly prohibited provisions in patent licence agreements
375
9.2.5.
Licences of right
375
9.2.6.
Compulsory licences
376
9.2.6.1.
Dependent patent
376
9.2.6.2.
Abuse of patent and design Tights
376
9.2.6.3.
Compulsory licensing of copyright
378
9.2.6.4.
Licensing of traditional properties
379
9.2.7.
doctrine of exhaustion of rights as applied to patents and designs
381
9.2.8.
doctrine of exhaustion of rights as applied to trade marks
383
9.3.
Hypothecation and attachment
383
9.3.1.
Patents and designs
383
9.3.2.
Trade marks
384
9.3.3.
Copyright
385
9.4.
Exchange control requirements
385
9.4.1.
Regulation 10(1)(c)
385
9.4.2.
Regulation 10(4)
387
9.4.3.
Licences granted to foreigners under South African-owned intellectual property
388
9.5.
Intellectual property from publicly financed research and development
388
ch. 10
Intellectual Property Law In The Digital Environment (Eip Law)
390
10.1.
Introduction
391
10.2.
Copyright in computer programs
393
10.2.1.
Protection as literary work
393
10.2.2.
Protection as sui generis work
395
10.2.2.1.
Definition
396
10.2.2.2.
Requirements for subsistence
397
10.2.2.2.1.
Originality
397
10.2.2.2.2.
Material form
399
10.2.2.3.
Preparatory materials
400
10.2.2.4.
Authorship
402
10.2.2.5.
Scope of protection
403
10.2.2.5.1.
Exclusive rights
403
10.2.2.5.1.1.
Reproduction
403
10.2.2.5.1.2.
Adaptation
407
10.2.2.5.1.3.
Communication to the public
408
10.2.2.5.2.
Exemptions from infringement
409
10.2.2.5.2.1.
Fair dealing
409
10.2.2.5.2.2.
Back-up copies
412
10.2.2.5.2.3.
Reverse engineering
413
10.2.2.5.2.4.
Decompilation
414
10.3.
Selected themes relating to intellectual property In regard to the utilisation of computers
416
10.3.1.
Internet
416
10.3.2.
Copyright in the digital environment
417
10.3.2.1.
Protection of websites
418
10.3.2.1.1.
Linking
418
10.3.2.1.2.
Framing
424
10.3.2.1.3.
Spidering
424
10.3.2.1.4.
Database protection
426
10.3.2.1.5.
Other forms of possible protection for websites
427
10.3.2.1.5.1.
Passing off or unlawful competition
427
10.3.2.1.5.2.
Contract
427
10.3.2.2.
Caching
428
10.3.2.3.
File sharing
430
10.3.2.3.1.
Peer-to-peer file sharing
431
10.3.2.3.2.
Joint wrongdoing or contributory infringement
432
10.3.2.3.3.
Bit Torrents and more
434
10.3.2.3.4.
new approach
435
10.3.2.3.4.1.
Pursuing individual infringers
435
10.3.2.3.4.2.
Blocking access to websites
436
10.3.3.
Copyright in digital works
437
10.3.3.1.
Introduction
437
10.3.3.2.
Distribution
437
10.3.3.3.
Disposition
438
10.3.3.4.
Parallel importation
439
10.3.4.
Digital rights management
441
10.3.4.1.
Introduction
441
10.3.4.2.
Types of DRM
441
10.3.4.3.
DRM legislation
442
10.3.4.4.
DRM limitation
444
10.4.
Trade marks in the digital environment
445
10.4.1.
Trade mark law
446
10.4.2.
Domain names
446
10.4.2.1.
Domain name system
447
10.4.2.2.
Domain name system v trade marks
447
10.4.2.3.
Split mark disputes
448
10.4.2.4.
Cybersquatting
448
10.4.2.4.1.
Trade mark infringement
449
10.4.2.4.2.
Passing off
451
10.4.2.4.3.
Unlawful competition
452
10.4.2.5.
ADR
452
10.4.2.6.
Other forms of abuse related to domain name registrations
454
10.4.3.
Metatags
456
10.4.4.
Keyword advertising
458
10.4.5.
Secondary markets
462
10.4.6.
Social networks
464
10.5.
Conclusion
465
ch. 11
Intellectual Property Rights and the Constitution
466
11.1.
Introduction
466
11.2.
Intellectual property rights under section 25 (the constitutional property clause)
467
11.2.1.
First Certification case and background to section 25 and intellectual property rights
467
11.2.2.
Laugh It Off case
468
11.2.3.
Deprivation and expropriation of intellectual property rights
472
11.3.
Intellectual property rights and constitutional rights in foreign law
475
11.3.1.
Introduction
475
11.3.2.
Irish law
476
11.3.3.
German law
476
11.3.4.
Australian law
479
11.3.5.
United States of America
483
11.4.
International human rights law and intellectual property: a human rights framework for intellectual properly
485
11.5.
Conclusions
491
Bibliography
493
Table of cases
503
Table of legislation
517
List of abbreviations
531
Index
533