EU international relations law / Panos Koutrakos.
2015
KJE5105 .K682 2015 (Map It)
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Items
Details
Author
Title
EU international relations law / Panos Koutrakos.
Published
Oxford [United Kingdom] : Hart Publishing, 2015.
Call Number
KJE5105 .K682 2015
Edition
Second edition.
ISBN
9781849463225 (pbk.)
1849463220 (pbk.)
1849463220 (pbk.)
Description
lxiii, 579 pages ; 25 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)899705968
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references (pages 541-568) and index.
Record Appears in
Variant Title
European Union international relations law
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements
v
Table of Cases
xv
Table of Legislation
xxv
Introduction
1
Part I: The Regulation of EU International Relations Law
5
1.
European Union in the World
7
1.
Introduction
7
2.
International Role of the European Union
8
3.
External Action
9
4.
Principles and Objectives
11
5.
Legal Personality
14
6.
Conclusion
15
2.
Common Commercial Policy: History, Theory and Practice of Exclusivity
17
1.
Introduction
17
2.
Main Legal Features of the CCP
17
3.
History of Exclusivity in the CCP
19
3.1.
Introducing Exclusivity
20
3.2.
Diversity in the Early Conduct of the CCP
23
3.3.
Early Development of the CCP
27
3.4.
Identifying the Main Threads
29
4.
Scope of the CCP
30
4.1.
Treaty Provision
30
4.2.
Historical Context of Defining the Scope of the CCP
31
5.
Trade in Goods
36
6.
Trade in Services
38
7.
Trade in Intellectual Property Rights
42
8.
Foreign Direct Investment
46
9.
Transport
50
10.
Article 207(6) TFEU
51
11.
Choice of Legal Basis
52
11.1.
Significance of the Choice of Legal Basis
53
11.2.
Delineating between the CCP and Environmental Policy
54
11.3.
CCP and Other External Economic Policies
67
12.
Conclusion
71
3.
Implied Competence
75
1.
Introduction
75
2.
Competence to Conclude International Agreements in the Lisbon Treaty
75
3.
Foundation Period: The AETR Principle
77
3.1.
General Formulation: Existence and Nature of the Competence (paragraphs 15-19)
79
3.2.
Application of the Principle (paragraphs 23-31)
81
3.3.
Overall Comment
82
4.
Building upon the Foundation
87
5.
Reinforcing the Principle of Implied Competence (Opinion 1/76)
89
6.
Period of Adjustment: In Search of Limits (Opinion 2/91)
93
6.1.
Restating the General Principles
94
6.2.
Applying the Principles to Convention No 170 ILO
95
6.3.
Foundation for Exclusivity
96
6.4.
Other Areas of Shared Competence
97
6.5.
Duty of Cooperation
98
6.6.
Comment on Opinion 2/91
98
7.
Controversial Opinion 1/94
101
7.1.
Application of the AETR Principle
102
7.2.
Application of the Necessity Principle Pursuant to Opinion 1/76
104
7.3.
Application of the General Clauses of Articles 95 and 308 EC (now 114 and 352 TFEU)
105
7.4.
Comment on the Construction of the AETR Principle
105
7.5.
Comment on the Construction of the Opinion 1/76 Principle
107
7.6.
Overall Comment on Opinion 1/94
109
8.
Consolidating the Principles: The Open Skies Judgments
111
8.1.
Legal Background
112
8.2.
Judgments
114
8.3.
Comment on the Open Skies Judgments
116
9.
Consolidation and Further Questions in Opinion 1/03
120
10.
Further Limits on Implied Competence
123
11.
Interpreting the Lisbon Provisions on External Competence
126
12.
Conclusion
129
Part II: The Management of EU International Relations Law
131
4.
Decision-making in EU International Relations
133
1.
Introduction
133
2.
CCP Decision-making
133
3.
International Agreements
137
4.
Negotiation of International Agreements
138
4.1.
Who Proposes the Negotiation of International Agreements?
138
4.2.
What Form Should the Decision Authorising the Negotiation Take?
140
4.3.
Who Negotiates International Agreements?
140
4.4.
How Are International Agreements Negotiated?
142
5.
Signing and Provisional Application of International Agreements
146
6.
Conclusion of International Agreements
147
6.1.
Role of the Council
147
i.
Agreements Covering a Field for which Unanimity is Required for the Adoption of an EU Act
147
ii.
Association Agreements
148
iii.
Agreements on Economic, Financial and Technical Cooperation with Countries which Are Candidates for Accession
148
iv.
Accession of the EU to the ECHR
148
6.2.
Role of the European Parliament
149
i.
association agreements
150
ii.
agreement on Union accession to the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms.
150
iii.
agreements establishing a specific institutional framework by organising cooperation procedures
150
iv.
agreements with important budgetary implications for the Union
151
v.
agreements covering fields to which either the ordinary legislative procedure applies, or the special legislative procedure where consent by the European Parliament is required
152
7.
Modification of International Agreements
154
8.
Suspension of International Agreements
155
9.
EU Position in a Body Set Up by an International Agreement
155
10.
Significance of Decision-making Procedures
158
11.
Conclusion
160
5.
International Commitments and the Management of Mixity
161
1.
Introduction
161
2.
International Commitments and International Organisations
161
3.
Various Guises of Mixity
162
4.
Exercise of Shared Competence by the Member States
166
5.
Negotiation of Mixed Agreements
170
6.
Conclusion and Ratification of Mixed Agreements
174
7.
Participation in Mixed Agreements
178
8.
Duty of Cooperation and its Impact on Member States
182
8.1.
MOX Plant case
184
8.2.
PFOs Case
191
9.
Member States as a Medium for the EU
196
10.
Mixed Agreements and International Responsibility
200
11.
Conclusion
204
Part III: EU[—]International Law
207
6.
Status of International Law in the EU Legal Order
209
1.
Introduction
209
2.
Binding Effect of International Agreements Concluded by the EU
209
3.
Binding Effect of International Agreements Not Concluded by the EU
212
4.
Primacy of International Agreements and the Role of the EU Courts
219
5.
Binding Effect of Customary International Law
226
6.
Conclusion
228
7.
International Law and the Jurisdiction of the Court of Justice
229
1.
Introduction
229
2.
Prior Control of Legality of International Agreements under Article 218(11) TFEU
230
3.
Jurisdiction under the Preliminary Reference Procedure
235
4.
First Phase: Avoiding the Subject
236
5.
Second Phase: Establishing Broad Jurisdiction
239
6.
Broad Jurisdiction Confirmed in Enforcement Actions
243
7.
Quest for More Clarity
246
8.
Cooperation of National Courts
250
8.1.
Assessing the Effect of Provisions of Mixed Agreements
252
9.
Procedural Integration and Cooperation
254
10.
Conclusion
255
8.
Enforcement of International Law in the EU Legal Order
257
1.
Introduction
257
2.
Enforcement of International Agreements by Individuals
257
3.
Precondition for Direct Effect: The Nature and Logic of the Agreement
259
4.
Application of the Principle of Direct Effect
267
4.1.
Issues of Interpretation of Directly Effective Provisions
271
4.2.
Significance of the Context
275
5.
Direct Effect of Acts by Bodies Established under Association Agreements
278
6.
Direct Effect of WTO Law
280
6.1.
GATT
280
6.2.
Tighter System of WTO Law
283
6.3.
Direct Effect of WTO Law
285
6.4.
Non-contractual Liability for Unlawful Acts
290
6.5.
Non-contractual Liability for Lawful Acts
293
6.6.
Assessment of the Court's Approach
295
7.
Indirect Enforcement of WTO Law
301
7.1.
'Reference' Case (Fediol)
301
7.2.
'Implementation' Case (Nakajima)
303
8.
Indirect Enforcement of International Agreements-Interpretation
307
9.
Enforcement of Customary International Law
311
10.
Conclusion
319
9.
International Agreements Concluded by Member States Prior to their Membership of the European Union
321
1.
Introduction
321
2.
Interpretation of Article 351 TFEU
322
2.1.
'All Appropriate Steps': Renegotiation, Adjustment, Denunciation
324
2.2.
... and Interpretation
328
2.3.
When Is Denunciation Necessary?
332
3.
Does Article 351 TFEU Apply to Potential Violations of EU Law?
334
4.
Evolving Context of the Application of Article 351 TFEU
342
4.1.
Friendship, Navigation and Commerce and Telecommunications Procurement
343
4.2.
Preparing for Accession
345
4.3.
EU Negotiations with Third States Prior to Accession
347
5.
Conclusion
349
Part IV: The Practice of EU International Relations Law
351
10.
Substantive Trade Law
353
1.
Introduction
353
2.
Overview
353
2.1.
Imports and Exports
354
2.2.
Trade Defence Instruments
355
2.3.
Generalised Tariff Preferences and the 'Everything but Arms' Initiative
356
3.
Anti-dumping Law-An Introduction
357
4.
Substantive Issues of Anti-dumping Law
358
4.1.
Dumping
359
4.2.
Injury and Union Interest
361
4.3.
Non-market Economy Countries
362
5.
Procedural Issues of Anti-dumping Law
364
6.
Judicial Review in Anti-dumping Law
367
6.1.
Intensity of Review over Substantive Issues
367
6.2.
Review of Procedural Issues
371
6.3.
Locus Standi
374
7.
Efforts to Reform Trade Defence Instruments
377
8.
Conclusion
378
11.
Links with Third Countries
379
1.
Introduction
379
2.
Wide Range of Links
379
2.1.
Trade Agreements
379
2.2.
Association Agreements
381
2.3.
Neighbourhood Agreements
383
3.
European Economic Area
385
4.
Development Cooperation
386
5.
Partnership and Cooperation Agreements
389
6.
Stabilisation and Association Agreements (SAAB)
393
7.
Euro-Mediterranean Agreements
397
8.
European Neighbourhood Policy
400
9.
Conclusion
407
Part V: Political Relations and Interactions Between Policies
409
12.
Common Foreign and Security Policy
411
1.
Introduction
411
2.
Historical Background
411
3.
Position of the CFSP in the EU's Constitutional Order
416
4.
Scope and Objectives
419
5.
Duties and Instruments
422
6.
Institutions and Administrative Bodies
425
6.1.
European Council
425
6.2.
High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy
427
6.3.
European External Action Service
433
6.4.
European Parliament
436
6.5.
Council and Commission
437
7.
Decision-making
438
8.
Rules Challenged
441
9.
Judicial Review
443
10.
Conclusion
445
13.
Common Security and Defence Policy
447
1.
Introduction
447
2.
Origin and Development
447
3.
Scope and Activities
450
4.
Means
454
5.
Administrative Structure and Planning of CSDP Operations
454
6.
Mutual Assistance Clause
456
7.
Flexibility
459
7.1.
Member States Acting on Behalf of the EU
459
7.2.
Permanent Structured Cooperation
460
8.
Financing
463
9.
CSDP Practice
465
9.1.
Military Operations
465
9.2.
Civilian Missions
467
10.
Rules Challenged
469
11.
CSDP Agreements
470
11.1.
Participation of Third States in Specific CSDP Missions
470
11.2.
Status of Force and Status of Mission Agreements
473
11.3.
Agreements on Security Procedures for the Exchange of Classified Information
475
11.4.
Framework Participation Agreements
477
11.5.
Transfer Agreements
478
12.
Economic Aspects of Defence
479
13.
Conclusion
483
14.
Links Between External Policies: Trade and Foreign Policy, Development and Defence
485
1.
Introduction
485
2.
Exports of Dual-use Goods
486
2.1.
Genesis of the Current Rules
487
2.2.
Current Rules
491
3.
Sanctions against Third Countries
495
3.1.
Genesis and Development of Sanctions Law
495
3.2.
Approach of the Court of Justice
497
3.2.1.
Asserting Jurisdiction
497
3.2.2.
Discouraging Deviations
499
3.2.3.
Highlighting the Role of National Courts
502
3.3.
Current Rules
504
4.
Arms Embargoes
509
5.
Smart Sanctions
511
5.1.
Current Rules
511
5.2.
Case-law
513
i.
Kadi Case-law
513
ii.
Other Principles on Smart Sanctions
520
iii.
Autonomous Smart Sanctions
521
6.
Development Cooperation and Common Security and Defence Policy
522
6.1.
Development-CSDP Links in Practice
525
6.2.
Requirement of Coherence
528
7.
Dividing Line between Different Policies and the Role of the Court of Justice
530
8.
Conclusion
540
Bibliography
541
Index
569