Transfer of land rights in Ethiopia : towards a sustainable policy framework. / Daniel Behailu Gebremanuel.
2015
KRP3056 .G43 2015 (Map It)
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Details
Title
Transfer of land rights in Ethiopia : towards a sustainable policy framework. / Daniel Behailu Gebremanuel.
Published
The Hague, The Netherlands : Eleven International Publishing, [2015]
Copyright
©2015
Call Number
KRP3056 .G43 2015
Former Call Number
Eth 410 G265 2015
ISBN
9789462365476
9462365474
9789462742543 (E-book)
9462742545 (ebook)
9789462742543 (ebook)
9462365474
9789462742543 (E-book)
9462742545 (ebook)
9789462742543 (ebook)
Description
xxv, 301 pages ; 25 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)903597040
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references (pages 279-291) and index.
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
Acknowledgment
xiii
Abbreviations
xv
Preface
xvii
1.
History of Land Tenures in Ethiopia
1
1.1.
Land Tenures in the Pre-Imperial and Imperial Era of Ethiopia
1
1.1.1.
Rist and Gult Tenures of the North
2
1.1.2.
Transferability of Rights over Rist and Gult
8
1.1.3.
Evils of the Rist Tenure
9
1.1.3.1.
Rist as Limitation on Transfer of Property Rights
9
1.1.3.2.
Rist as a Factor for Land Fragmentation
10
1.1.3.3.
Rist as a Factor for Migration
11
1.1.3.4.
Rist as a Factor for Litigation and Litigant Culture
11
1.2.
Southern Land Tenure during the Imperial Regimes
12
1.3.
1960 Civil Code: Embarking on Legal Modernism
14
1.4.
1975 Derg Regime: Land to the Tiller
15
1.4.1.
Institutional Framework of the Reform
17
1.4.2.
Frailty of the Derg Land Policy and Lessons Drawn
19
1.5.
1991 EPRDF Regime: The Transition Period (1991-1994)
21
1.5.1.
Fairness vs. Efficiency
22
1.5.1.1.
Fairness Principle Purporting Egalitarian Society
22
1.5.1.2.
Freehold as Exercise of Human Rights
23
1.5.1.3.
Freehold Promoting Efficiency
24
1.5.1.4.
Principle of Eclecticism: The Compromising Position
25
1.6.
Conclusion
26
2.
Current Legal Regimes of Land Governance in Ethiopia
29
2.1.
FDRE Constitution
29
2.2.
Core Issues for Federal Guiding Laws on Land
33
2.3.
Federal Rural Land Laws: Rendering Framework Guides
36
2.3.1.
Objectives of the Law
36
2.3.2.
Types of Rural Landholdings
37
2.3.2.1.
Private Holding
37
2.3.2.2.
Communal Holding
38
2.3.2.3.
State Holding
38
2.3.2.4.
How and Who Can Access Rural Land Anyway?
38
2.3.3.
Registration of the Rural Land
41
2.3.4.
Transfer of Rural Land Use Rights
44
2.3.5.
Duties and Restrictions on the Use of Rural Land
47
2.3.6.
Administration and Dispute Resolution Mechanisms
50
2.4.
Regional Laws: Appraisals and Departure Points
51
2.4.1.
Objectives of the Regional Laws
52
2.4.2.
Access to Rural Land
53
2.4.2.1.
Government Grant
53
2.4.2.2.
Inheritance and Gift
55
2.4.2.3.
Lease and Rent
56
2.4.3.
Registration of Rural Land
56
2.4.4.
Transfer of Rural Land Use Right
58
2.4.4.1.
Lease (Rent)
58
2.4.4.2.
Inheritance
60
2.4.4.3.
Gift
61
2.4.5.
Duties and Restrictions on the Use of Rural Land
61
2.4.6.
Administration and Dispute Resolution Mechanisms
62
2.5.
Urban Land Governance: Introducing Lease System
63
2.5.1.
Urban Land Laws in Ethiopia
64
2.5.2.
Lease System
66
2.6.
Expropriation Laws
72
2.7.
Conclusion
74
3.
Tensions between de jure and de facto Transfer of Land Rights in Ethiopia: Informal Land Deals vs. the Command of the Statute Laws
77
3.1.
Rural Land Administration in Ethiopia
77
3.1.1.
Introduction and Justifications
77
3.1.1.1.
Essentials and Suitability of Qualitative Research Method
78
3.1.1.2.
Meki Town (Dugda District): Illustration of High-Value Land
81
3.1.1.3.
Yirgachefe District: Illustration of High-Value Land
81
3.1.1.4.
Mehal Meda Town (Menze Gera District): Illustration of Low-Value Land
82
3.1.2.
What Is Land Administration?
83
3.1.3.
Land Administration and Good Governance
85
3.2.
Rural Land Administration Organs in Ethiopia: Federal and Regional
88
3.2.1.
Federal Land Administrative Organ
89
3.2.2.
Regional Land Administrative Organs
92
3.3.
Rural Land Registration and Certification Process in Ethiopia
96
3.3.1.
Steps in Rural Land Registration Processes
102
3.3.2.
Benefits of the Land Registration and Certification Process
105
3.3.3.
Critics on Registration and Certification
107
3.4.
Rural Land Transfer of Rights in Ethiopia: Customary Rules Outlying the Letters of the Law
110
3.4.1.
Disguised Land Sell
111
3.4.2.
Land Lease
116
3.4.3.
Inheritance and Donation
122
3.5.
Large-Scale Land Deals: Outflanking the Constitutional Rule
124
3.5.1.
Land Selection Criteria for the Investment
127
3.5.2.
Natures of and Negotiations over the Lease Contracts
129
3.5.3.
Human Rights Concerns
131
3.5.4.
Environmental Concerns
133
3.5.5.
Conflict Factors
134
3.6.
Urban Land Transfer: Beyond the Lease System
136
3.7.
Disputes on Transfer of Land Rights
138
3.8.
Conclusion
142
4.
Land Reform Policy and Laws in Ethiopia: Towards Responsible Land Governance
145
4.1.
Overview and Definitions of Land Reform
145
4.2.
Land Reform Theories: Neoliberalism, Populism, Institutionalism, and Associativism
148
4.3.
Ethiopia's Populism Reform of 1975: The Lingering 'Social Equity Thesis'
151
4.4.
Global Guidelines and Frameworks for Land Reform Policy: Finding Guide in the 'Soft Law'
154
4.4.1.
Norm Diffusion Theory
154
4.4.1.1.
How Do Norms Travel? Towards Diffusion of Norms
155
4.4.2.
United Nations' Voluntary Land Guidelines
157
4.4.3.
Framework and Guidelines for Land Policy and Land Reform in Africa
163
4.4.4.
European Union Land Policy Guideline
165
4.5.
Ethiopia's Land Issues: Towards Responsible Land Governance
168
4.6.
Ethiopia's Pastoral Land: Reforming the Misgoverned Tenure
172
4.7.
Conclusion
179
5.
Land Governance and Human Rights in Ethiopia
181
5.1.
Introduction
181
5.2.
Land Rights and International Human Rights Law
182
5.2.1.
Property as a Right
184
5.2.2.
Property in Land
185
5.2.3.
International Human Rights Law on Property in Land
186
5.3.
Basic Rights Impacted by Land Use Statutes in Ethiopia
193
5.3.1.
Rights to Adequate Standard of Living and the Right to Food
193
5.3.2.
Rights to Work
196
5.3.3.
Constrained Freedoms
199
5.4.
Women and Youth Rights to Land
200
5.5.
Indigenous People's Right to Land
203
5.6.
Conclusion
207
6.
Land Governance and Environmental Protection in Ethiopia
209
6.1.
Introduction
209
6.2.
Ethiopian Environmental Policy and Legislation: A Brief Account
211
6.3.
Environmental Principles Adopted in Ethiopia: Implications for Land Governance
223
6.3.1.
No-Harm Principle
223
6.3.2.
Polluter Pays Principle
225
6.3.3.
Intergenerational Equity
226
6.3.4.
Sustainable Development
227
6.3.5.
Principles of Procedures
229
6.4.
Land Governance vs. Environmental Laws: Synchronizing Polarities
230
6.4.1.
Land Use Policy and the Environment
230
6.4.2.
Key Environmental Issues in Ethiopia
233
6.4.2.1.
Land Degradation and Soil Erosion
233
6.4.2.2.
Deforestation
234
6.4.2.3.
Freshwater Depletion
236
6.4.2.4.
Biodiversity Loss
238
6.4.2.5.
Wildlife Loss
239
6.4.2.6.
Climate Change
239
6.5.
Land Use, Population, Poverty, and Natural Resources: Towards A Virtuous Circle
240
6.6.
Institutional Problems
242
6.7.
Environmental Crimes
243
6.8.
Conclusion
245
7.
Land Policy Options
247
7.1.
Concluding Remarks and Findings
247
7.2.
Land Policy Recommendations for Ethiopia: Paths for Sustainable Development
250
7.2.1.
Land Policy for Highland Ethiopia
254
7.2.2.
Land Policy for Lowland Ethiopia
256
7.3.
Land Rental Markets: Remedy for the Ethiopian Rural Land Use Policy Ills
257
7.3.1.
Land Lease/Rental Markets: Towards Balancing Theory
259
7.3.2.
Merits of Rural Land Leasing Rights in Ethiopia
260
7.4.
Land Consolidations: Towards Expediting Transfer and Credit Access
264
7.4.1.
Abating Land Redistribution: Towards Tenure Security
265
7.5.
Human Rights and Environmental Protection Approach to Land Governance
266
7.5.1.
Human Rights Approach
266
7.5.2.
Environmental Approach: Zoning Laws
268
7.6.
Complementary Urban Land Policy: Towards Accommodating Squatters
269
7.6.1.
Harmonization
270
7.6.2.
Pre-Urban Areas
270
7.6.3.
Regularization
271
7.7.
Institutional Reforms: Towards Good Land Governance
272
7.7.1.
Land Governance Institutions: Administration and Judiciary
273
7.8.
Expropriation Rules: Towards Adequacy and Fairness
274
7.9.
Conclusion
277
Bibliography
279
Appendix: Lists of Interviewees and Focus Group Discussions
293
Index
295