List of Abbreviations

13

1.

Introduction

17

2.

Education Policy in the Making -- A Historical Overview

23

2.1.

Humble Beginnings -- the Initiation Phase (1948--1963)

23

2.1.1.

Intergovernmental Actors

24

2.1.2.

European Communities

28

2.2.

Founding Years -- the Development of a European Dimension of Education (1963--1992)

33

2.3.

Tire Maastricht Treaty and Beyond (1992--2000)

46

2.3.1.

Implications for Education and Training: The Maastricht Treaty

46

2.3.2.

Marching towards Lisbon: an Interim Period

52

3.

Lisbon Strategy: High Flying Ambitions for Education and Training

57

4.

Erasmus+ Programme

65

5.

Education and Training in the Lisbon Treaty

69

5.1.

Article 165 TFEU -- Scope and Objectives

73

5.2.

Article 166 TFEU -- Scope and Objectives

84

5.3.

Legal Instruments of Articles 165 and 166 TFEU

88

5.3.1.

Incentive Measures

89

5.3.2.

Measures

91

5.3.3.

Non-Harmonisation Clause

92

5.3.4.

Adoption of (Incentive) Measures and the Enhanced Role of the CoR

95

5.3.5.

Recommendations

95

5.3.6.

Excursus on Article 352 TFEU

96

5.4.

External Dimension of Articles 165 and 166 TFEU

98

5.4.1.

EEA EFTA States

104

5.4.2.

Particular Case of Switzerland

107

5.4.3.

Turkey and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

107

5.4.4.

Erasmus+: Cooperation for Partner Countries

108

5.4.5.

Excursus on the Transatlantic Cooperation Programmes

110

5.5.

Demarcation between Articles 165 and 166 TFEU

111

6.

Right to Education -- The Fundamental Rights based Approach/The Legal Perspective

115

6.1.

Fundamental Rights Protection in the EU

115

6.2.

Fundamental Rights Protection in EU Primary Law Post-Lisbon

117

6.3.

Fundamental Right to Education: The Legal Implications of Article 14 CFREU

123

6.3.1.

Article 14 CFREU and (Inter)related EU Law -- A Pot Pourri of Provisions

125

6.3.2.

Rights, Freedoms or Principles?

126

6.3.3.

Sources of Article 14 CFREU

127

6.3.4.

Article 14(1) CFREU: The Right to Education and to Access to Vocational and Continuing Training

135

6.3.5.

Article 14(2) CFREU: The Principle of Free Compulsory Education

137

6.3.6.

Article 14(3) CFREU: The Freedom to Found Educational Establishments and the Right of Parents to Ensure the Education and Teaching of Their Children in Conformity with Their Religious, Philosophical and Pedagogical Convictions

140

6.3.7.

Limitations to and Derogations from Article 14 CFREU

142

7.

Main Trends in ECJ Case Law

147

7.1.

Education and the Derivative Right of Residence

152

7.1.1.

Chen and Zhu: Birthright Citizenship and EU Law

154

7.1.2.

Ibrahim and Teixeira: the Primary Carers Right of Residence or the Parasitic Right of the Parasitic Right

157

7.1.3.

Ruiz Zambrano: The Derivative Right of Residence in Internal Situations or "Civis Europetts Sum"

161

7.2.

Access to Study

163

7.2.1.

Case of Austria

166

7.2.2.

Case of Belgium

173

7.2.3.

Austria and Belgium: Conclusion

181

7.2.4.

Special Case of Scotland

184

7.3.

Student Grants and Loans: Maintenance Aid and the Mobile Student

186

7.3.1.

Forster and the Five Year Rule: The Aftermath of Bidar or Goodbye to the Genuine Link Requirement for Non-Economically Active Students

187

7.3.2.

Portability of Student Grants and Loans for the Economically Active Aka the Children of Cross-Border Workers: Commission v Netherlands and Giersch

196

7.3.3.

Portability of Student Grants and Loans for the Non-Economically Active: The Genuine Link and "Own" Nationals

206

8.

Regionalism in the European Union: Taking Education to a Whole New Level

215

8.1.

EU Cohesion Policy and Education and Training

215

8.2.

Cross-Border Cooperation in Europe

218

8.3.

Macro-regional Strategies and the Implementation of EU Education Policy

225

8.4.

EGTC European Region Tyrol-South Tyrol-Trentino: Education and Training at the Crossroads

229

8.4.1.

Education in Context: Actions and Activities

232

8.4.2.

Erasmus+ Programme: An Option for the EGTC European Region Tyrol-South Tyrol-Trentino?

240

9.

Outlook and Concluding Remarks

245

References

251

Books and Articles

251

Web Sources

263

Case Law

268

ECJ Case Law

268

ECJ Advocate General Opinions

270

ECJ Opinions

271

EQHR Case Law

271

Member State Case Law

271

EU Documents

272

Legislation

272

Other Documents

274

Press Releases

278

Publications

278

International Documents

279

Legislation

279

Other Documents

280

Publications

280

National Documents

281

Bilateral Agreements

281

Exchange of Notes

281

Legislation

281

Other Documents

284

Publications

285

Documents Relating to the Macro-regional Strategies

285

Documents Relating to the EGTC European Region Tyrol-South Tyrol-Trentino

285

Miscellaneous

287