Refugees from armed conflict : the 1951 Refugee Convention and international humanitarian law / Vanessa Holzer.
2015
KZ6530 .H65 2015 (Map It)
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Details
Author
Title
Refugees from armed conflict : the 1951 Refugee Convention and international humanitarian law / Vanessa Holzer.
Published
Cambridge, United Kingdom ; Antwerp ; Portland [Oregon] : Intersentia, [2015]
Copyright
©2015
Call Number
KZ6530 .H65 2015
ISBN
9781780683188
1780683189
1780683189
Description
xiv, 257 pages ; 25 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)920543188
Summary
Armed conflicts are a major cause of forced displacement, but people displaced by conflict are often not recognised as refugees under the 1951 Refugee Convention. They are frequently considered as having fled from generalised violence rather than from persecution.This book determines the international meaning of the refugee definition in Article 1A(2) of the 1951 Refugee Convention as regards refugee protection claims related to situations of armed conflict in the country of origin. Although the human rights-based interpretation of the refugee definition is widely accepted, the interpretation and application of the 1951 Refugee Convention as regards claims to refugee status that relate to armed conflict is often marred with difficulties. Moreover, contexts of armed conflict pose the question of whether and to what extent the refugee definition should be interpreted in light of international humanitarian law. This book identifies the potential and limits of this interpretative approach. Starting from the history of international refugee law, the book situates the 1951 Refugee Convention within the international legal framework for the protection of the individual in armed conflict.
Note
Based on the author's thesis (doctoral)--Law Faculty of Goethe University, 2014.
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references (pages 227-257).
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements
vii
Abbreviations
xiii
ch. 1
Introduction
1
1.
Overview of the Topic
1
2.
Structure of the Book
9
2.1.
Research Questions and Objectives
9
2.2.
Methodology and Sources
10
2.2.1.
General Observations
10
2.2.2.
Views of UNHCR and its Executive Committee
12
2.2.3.
Customary International Humanitarian Law
14
2.3.
Scope of the Book
18
2.3.1.
Delimitations
18
2.3.2.
Definition of Armed Conflict
19
2.4.
Outline of the Book
22
ch. 2
Historical Evolution of International Refugee Law in Light of Armed Conflict
27
1.
Introduction
27
2.
Inter-War Period
27
2.1.
Arrangements for Russian and Armenian Refugees
27
2.2.
Arrangements for Refugees from Germany
31
3.
Aftermath of the Second World War and Beyond
32
3.1.
Establishment of the International Refugee Organisation
33
3.2.
Creation of UNHCR and the Evolution of its Mandate
34
3.3.
Adoption of the Refugee Convention and its Protocol
36
4.
Conclusion
38
ch. 3
International Legal Framework for the Protection of the Individual in Armed Conflict
41
1.
Introduction
41
2.
Protection of the Individual in Armed Conflict
42
2.1.
International Human Rights Law
43
2.2.
International Humanitarian Law
46
2.2.1.
Material Scope of Protection
46
2.2.2.
Protection of Nationals and Stateless Persons
49
2.3.
International Criminal Law
63
2.4.
Result
64
3.
Interactions
65
3.1.
Refugee Convention and Other Branches of International Law
65
3.1.1.
International Human Rights Law
65
3.1.2.
International Humanitarian Law
68
3.1.3.
International Criminal Law
71
3.1.4.
Result
72
3.2.
International Humanitarian Law and International Human Rights Law
73
3.3.
Result
77
4.
Conceptual Approaches
77
4.1.
Fragmentation
77
4.2.
International Law for Humankind
78
4.3.
Discussion
80
4.4.
Result
80
5.
Conclusion
81
ch. 4
Interpretation of the Refugee Definition
83
1.
Introduction
83
2.
Armed Conflict and Refugee Status Determination
83
3.
Interpretative Methods and Actors
88
3.1.
Overview
88
3.2.
UNHCR and its Executive Committee
94
3.3.
Interpreting the Refugee Definition in Light of International Law
95
3.3.1.
International Human Rights Law
95
3.3.2.
Customary International Humanitarian Law
97
3.3.3.
International Criminal Law
101
4.
Conclusion
102
ch. 5
Well-Founded Fear of Being Persecuted
105
1.
Introduction
105
2.
Well-Founded Fear
105
2.1.
Burden of Proof and Standard of Proof
105
2.2.
Risk Assessment
107
2.2.1.
Subjective-Objective Approach versus Objective Approach
107
2.2.2.
Individualisation
110
2.3.
Result
112
3.
Human Rights-Based Interpretation of Persecution
113
3.1.
Hierarchical Approach
113
3.2.
Two-Tiered Approach
114
3.3.
Discussion
115
3.3.1.
General Observations
115
3.3.2.
Material Scope in Peace and Armed Conflict
116
3.3.3.
Persecutors
118
3.3.4.
Victims of Persecution
120
3.4.
Result
121
4.
Persecution in Light of Customary International Humanitarian Law and International Criminal Law
121
4.1.
Violations of Customary International Humanitarian Law in General
121
4.2.
War Crimes as Intensity Yardstick
127
4.3.
Result
128
5.
Complementary Approach to Understanding Persecution in Armed Conflict
129
5.1.
Overview
129
5.2.
Lex specialis derogat legi generali?
131
5.3.
Selected Forms of Persecution
134
5.3.1.
Use of Lethal Force
134
5.3.2.
Torture
140
5.3.3.
Rape and Other Forms of Sexual Violence
142
5.3.4.
Enforced Disappearance
143
5.3.5.
Forced Recruitment or Participation of Children in Hostilities
145
5.3.6.
Starvation as a Method of Warfare
148
5.3.7.
Use of Chemical Weapons
151
5.3.8.
Forced Displacement as a Method of Warfare
152
5.3.9.
Arbitrary Deprivation of Liberty
156
5.4.
Result
162
6.
Conclusion
163
ch. 6
Lack of Protection in the Country of Origin
165
1.
Introduction
165
2.
Lack of Protection
165
2.1.
Textual and Conceptual Bases
165
2.2.
Providers of Protection
168
2.3.
Effectiveness of Protection
170
2.4.
Result
173
3.
Internal Protection Alternative
174
3.1.
Textual and Conceptual Bases
174
3.2.
Criteria for the Existence of an Internal Protection Alternative
175
3.2.1.
Accessibility
176
3.2.2.
Protection in the Narrow Sense
177
3.2.3.
Protection in the Broader Sense
179
3.3.
Result
180
4.
Conclusion
181
ch. 7
Nexus to a Refugee Convention Ground in Armed Conflict
183
1.
Introduction
183
2.
Nexus Requirement in International Refugee Law
184
2.1.
Causal Relationship
184
2.2.
Standard of Causation
185
2.3.
Comparative versus Non-Comparative Approach
186
2.4.
Context of Armed Conflict
189
2.5.
Result
190
3.
Nexus Requirement in Light of Customary International Humanitarian Law and International Criminal Law
191
3.1.
General Observations
191
3.2.
Principle of Military Necessity
192
3.2.1.
Notion of Military Necessity
193
3.2.2.
Rules Implicitly Referring to Military Necessity
195
3.2.3.
Rules Explicitly Referring to Military Necessity
198
3.3.
Principle of Distinction
200
3.4.
Principle of Proportionality
204
3.5.
Result
207
4.
Refugee Convention Grounds
208
4.1.
Race, Religion, Nationality
208
4.2.
Membership of a Particular Social Group
211
4.3.
Political Opinion
213
5.
Conclusion
218
ch. 8
Conclusion
219
Bibliography
227