Combating corruption : legal approaches to supporting good governance and integrity in Africa / John Hatchard, professor of law, Buckingham Law School, UK.
2014
KQC982.C65 H38 2014 (Map It)
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Details
Author
Title
Combating corruption : legal approaches to supporting good governance and integrity in Africa / John Hatchard, professor of law, Buckingham Law School, UK.
Published
Cheltenham, UK : Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, [2014]
Call Number
KQC982.C65 H38 2014
Former Call Number
Af 825 H282 2014
ISBN
9781781004364 (cased)
1781004366 (cased)
9781781004371 (e-book)
1781004374 (ebook)
9781781004371 (ebook)
9781781004487 (paperback)
178100448X (paperback)
1781004366 (cased)
9781781004371 (e-book)
1781004374 (ebook)
9781781004371 (ebook)
9781781004487 (paperback)
178100448X (paperback)
Description
xxx, 381 pages ; 24 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)852808190
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references (pages 346-357) and index.
Record Appears in
Gift
Purchased from the income of the African Law Center Fund
Gift
The Arthur W. Diamond Law Library
Purchased from the income of the African Law Center Fund
Table of Contents
About the author
xiii
Preface
xiv
List of abbreviations
xvii
Table of cases
xix
Table of statutes
xxv
1.
Setting the scene: law and persuasion
1
1.1.
Introduction
1
1.2.
main arguments
2
1.3.
arrangement of the book
4
1.4.
organization and scope of the book
7
2.
Law and governance in Africa: supporting integrity and combating corruption
9
2.1.
One white crystal covered Tad Tour' glove and other Michael Jackson memorabilia
9
2.2.
African context
12
2.3.
What constitutes 'corruption'?
13
2.3.1.
Seeking a 'definition'
13
2.3.2.
Why is combating 'corruption' and supporting good governance so vital?
15
2.3.3.
Why get involved in bad governance and corruption?
16
2.4.
What constitutes 'good governance'?
20
2.5.
Developing laws in support of good governance
22
2.5.1.
transnational initiatives
22
2.5.2.
national initiatives
26
2.6.
'political will' and good governance
28
2.7.
Changing times: changing attitudes
33
3.
Preventive measures: maintaining integrity in the public service
34
Introduction: The Chiluba case
34
Section I: Maintaining and enhancing integrity in public life: developing codes of conduct for public officials
37
3.1.
Why a code of conduct?
37
3.2.
What should a code of conduct contain?
38
3.2.1.
Asset and income declaration mechanisms
39
3.2.2.
Provisions designed to prevent conflict of interests
46
3.2.3.
Provisions for education and training
52
3.2.4.
Reporting corruption and misuse of public office: providing a safe alternative to silence
53
3.2.5.
Right to administrative justice
57
3.2.6.
Sanctions
58
Section II: Parliament, parliamentarians and elections
58
3.1.
Financing of election campaigns: the constitutional right to equality and access to the political system
59
3.1.1.
provision of state funding for candidates and political parties and the enhancing of multi-party democracy
60
3.1.2.
Overseeing the political financing/electoral system: the role of electoral commissions
62
3.1.3.
Seeking transparency in the funding of candidates and political parties: a Tanzanian case study
63
3.1.4.
Restricting payments to voters by candidates for political office
64
3.1.5.
Election malpractice and electoral petitions
65
3.2.
Addressing the financial demands of family and constituents
68
Section III: Maintaining and enhancing integrity in public sector finances
71
3.1.
Protecting the role of the supreme audit authority
71
3.2.
Fiscal transparency and the role of the legislature
73
3.3.
Constitutional oversight bodies in support of good governance and integrity
75
3.4.
Role of civil society and the media
75
4.
When things go wrong: addressing integrity problems in the public service
77
Introduction: When things go wrong
77
Section I: Constitutions and immunities
78
4.1.
Immunities in the national setting
78
4.1.1.
Presidential immunity during tenure of office
78
4.1.2.
position upon leaving office
81
4.1.3.
Immunities enjoyed by other public officials and the presidential power of pardon
82
4.2.
Immunities in an international setting
85
Section II: Parliamentarians, corruption and parliamentary privilege
87
Section III: Combating the misuse/abuse of public office
89
4.1.
offence of misuse of public office
89
4.1.1.
scope of the offence
90
4.1.2.
burden of proof
93
4.1.3.
'seriousness' of the conduct
93
4.1.4.
Overview
94
4.2.
Civil remedies: the tort of misfeasance in a public office
94
5.
Constitutions, constitutional rights and combating corruption: exploring the links
104
Introduction
104
Section I: Constitutions and good governance in Africa
105
5.1.
pre-1990 position
105
5.2.
post-1990 constitutions
107
Section II: Linking constitutional rights and corruption
109
5.1.
Making the connection
109
5.2.
Using the connection
110
5.2.1.
'Personalizing' the approach
110
5.2.2.
Utilizing the constitution to enforce the rights of victims of corruption
111
Section III: Utilizing constitutional oversight bodies
115
5.1.
'Public institutions that promote and support democracy and constitutional order'
115
5.2.
role of constitutional oversight bodies
117
Section IV: Resolving tensions between the enjoyment of constitutional rights and the development of anti-corruption strategies
121
5.1.
Right to a fair trial
121
5.1.1.
Right to a fair trial versus the duty to protect witnesses
122
5.1.2.
presumption of innocence and privilege against self-incrimination versus 'reversing' the burden of proof
129
5.1.3.
Right to a fair trial and special investigative techniques
138
5.2.
Right to privacy
138
5.2.1.
Right to privacy versus the use of special investigative techniques
138
5.2.2.
right to privacy versus the right to information
142
5.2.3.
Right to privacy versus asset and income declarations
145
5.3.
Right to property versus recovery of the proceeds of corruption
145
Overview
145
6.
Investigating and prosecuting corruption-related offences: challenges and realities
147
Introduction
147
Section I: Investigating corruption-related offences and evidence gathering
148
6.1.
Evidence gathering: special investigative techniques
148
6.2.
Evidence gathering: obtaining access to documents and witnesses
149
6.3.
Evidence gathering: obtaining information and evidence located abroad
150
Section II: Prosecuting corruption
151
6.1.
Capturing the political will
151
6.2.
exercise of prosecutorial discretion
152
6.2.1.
Protecting prosecutorial independence
152
6.2.2.
discretion to prosecute
156
6.2.3.
role of the Attorney General
158
6.2.4.
Enhancing and supporting the integrity and accountability of prosecutors
160
Section III: Corruption and related offences
161
6.1.
offences
161
6.1.1.
range of offences
161
6.1.2.
Selecting the offence(s)
165
6.2.
Proving corruption: reviewing the rules of evidence
167
6.2.1.
Proof and truth
167
6.2.2.
hearsay rule in Lesotho: a case study
167
6.2.3.
Modernizing the rules of evidence
171
6.3.
Sanctions
173
Section IV: Doing deals
174
7.
National anti-corruption bodies: a key good governance requirement?
176
Introduction
176
7.1.
separate anti-corruption commission?
177
7.1.1.
anti-corruption convention provisions
177
7.1.2.
response of African states
178
7.2.
mandate of ACCs
180
7.2.1.
Corruption prevention/integrity function
180
7.2.2.
investigation and prosecution function
183
7.2.3.
Asset recovery
190
7.3.
building blocks
190
7.3.1.
challenges
190
7.4.
Towards an independent and effective Anti-Corruption Body (ACB)?
191
Overview
200
8.
Judges: independence, integrity and accountability
202
Introduction
202
Section I: Judicial independence and integrity
203
8.1.
anti-corruption convention requirements
203
8.2.
challenges
203
8.3.
basis of judicial independence
205
8.3.1.
Institutional autonomy
206
8.3.2.
Administrative and financial autonomy
215
Section II: Maintaining judicial accountability
218
8.1.
Setting the standards
218
8.2.
Judicial codes of conduct/ethics
220
8.3.
Disciplinary and removal proceedings
221
8.4.
Removing judges: the Kenyan experience
224
Section III: Anti-corruption courts?
227
Overview
230
9.
Combating corruption: 'persuasion' and the private sector
232
Section I: Maintaining and enhancing integrity in the private sector: a national and transnational challenge
232
Section II: Gentle 'persuasion': developing standard setting in the private sector
236
9.1.
'Persuading' the private sector to develop and implement integrity and compliance mechanisms
236
9.1.1.
Global initiatives
237
9.1.2.
Sector-specific initiatives: the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI)
239
9.2.
Gentle persuasion: the economic argument
243
9.3.
Overview
244
Section III: 'Forceful persuasion'
245
9.1.
Forceful persuasion 1: prosecuting the offending companies and their senior officials in the 'victim' state: the Lesotho Highlands Water Project cases
245
9.1.1.
background to the project
245
9.1.2.
preliminary issues
247
9.1.3.
prosecution of Acres International: a case study
251
9.1.4.
need for the political will to prosecute bribery
253
9.2.
Forceful persuasion 2: tackling the supply side and the OECD anti-bribery convention
254
9.2.1.
development of the OECD anti-bribery convention
254
9.2.2.
OECD anti-bribery convention in practice
256
9.2.3.
UNCAC and the fight against the bribery of foreign public officials
257
9.2.4.
Overview
258
9.3.
use of civil remedies
258
Section IV: 'Persuasive threats'
259
9.1.
Doing 'deals' with the corporate sector
259
9.2.
Using the threat of debarment
262
9.2.1.
basic principles
262
9.2.2.
Towards an effective debarment system
264
9.2.3.
MDBs and cross debarment
267
9.2.4.
Overview
267
Section V: So what is in it for African states?
268
10.
Preventing the looting of state assets: combating corruption- related money laundering
274
Introduction
274
Section I: Laundering the proceeds of corruption
275
10.1.
Some basic principles
275
10.2.
Corruption and money laundering: making the connection
278
10.3.
'special advantages': PEPS and the 'seven fundamental controls over money laundering'
279
Section II: Combating the laundering of the proceeds of corruption in the African context
282
10.1.
Responding to the challenges: the role of the Financial Action Task Force
283
10.2.
Combating money laundering in Africa
285
10.2.1.
three FATF-style African regional bodies
285
10.2.2.
Standard setting: the FATF Recommendations in the African context
287
10.2.3.
African states and the mutual evaluation process
293
10.2.4.
Ghana and Nigeria: two case studies
295
10.2.5.
'success' story: the Ibori case
297
10.3.
Conclusions
298
11.
Preventing public officials from enjoying their proceeds of corruption
300
Introduction: The Alamieyeseigha case
300
Section I: Investigating corruption-related offences with a transnational element: developing effective international cooperation mechanisms
301
11.1.
Background
301
11.2.
Mutual assistance: informal requests
302
11.3.
Mutual Legal Assistance (MLA)
303
11.3.1.
What is MLA and when is it required?
303
11.3.2.
legal basis for the request
304
11.3.3.
Jurisdiction
306
11.3.4.
How is the request made? The role of the central authority
307
11.3.5.
Challenges for African states in maintaining an effective MLA system
309
11.4.
Overview
316
Section II: Taking away the profit: recovering the proceeds of corruption
317
11.1.
basics of asset recovery
317
11.2.
Conviction-based asset forfeiture
318
11.3.
Non-conviction-based Asset Forfeiture (NCBAF)
319
11.3.1.
basics
319
11.3.2.
Constitutional issues
320
11.3.3.
Obiang case
322
11.4.
How can African 'victim' states benefit? Recovering looted assets
323
11.5.
Civil law actions
325
11.5.1.
Bringing a civil action in a foreign jurisdiction: the Chiluba case
325
11.5.2.
Civil actions in the domestic setting
328
11.6.
Overview
329
12.
Laws, political will and the art of persuasion
330
end of the beginning?
330
12.1.
legal dimension
330
12.1.1.
national constitution
331
12.1.2.
Laws and regulations
332
12.1.3.
transnational dimension
333
12.1.4.
Laws designed to take away the profit from corruption
333
12.2.
political dimension
334
12.3.
art of persuasion
335
12.3.1.
Moral persuasion
335
12.3.2.
Gentle persuasion
336
12.3.3.
Forceful persuasion
337
12.3.4.
Persuasive threats: dealing with the 'deny everything' approach
340
12.3.5.
Persuasive accountability
342
12.4.
final thought
345
Bibliography
346
Index
359