The reception of asylum seekers under international law : between sovereignty and equality / Lieneke Slingenberg.
2014
KJE5202 .S55 2014 (Map It)
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Details
Title
The reception of asylum seekers under international law : between sovereignty and equality / Lieneke Slingenberg.
Published
Oxford ; Portland, Oregon : Hart Publishing, 2014.
Call Number
KJE5202 .S55 2014
ISBN
9781849464826 (hbk.)
1849464820 (hbk.)
1849464820 (hbk.)
Description
xxii, 408 pages ; 24 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)884251323
Summary
The European Union is currently engaged in a process of developing minimum conditions for the reception of asylum seekers, as part of a Common European Asylum System. This book critically examines the outcomes of the negotiation process into these minimum standards in relation to international refugee law, international social security law and international human rights law.
Note
The European Union is currently engaged in a process of developing minimum conditions for the reception of asylum seekers, as part of a Common European Asylum System. This book critically examines the outcomes of the negotiation process into these minimum standards in relation to international refugee law, international social security law and international human rights law.
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references (pages 395-406) and index.
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements
v
Table of Cases
xv
1.
Introduction
1
1.1.
Reception of Asylum Seekers in the European Union
1
1.2.
Sovereignty and Equality
4
1.3.
Aim and General Approach
9
1.4.
Research Questions, Delimitations and Outline of the Book
10
1.5.
Terminology
13
1.5.1.
Asylum Seeker
13
1.5.2.
Social Security
14
1.6.
Sources
16
1.6.1.
Sources of International Law
16
1.6.2.
International Refugee Law, International Social Security Law and International Human Rights Law
19
1.6.3.
Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union
20
1.7.
Method of Interpretation
22
1.7.1.
Introduction
22
1.7.2.
Rules of Interpretation
23
1.7.3.
Authoritative Interpretations
27
Judicial Decisions
27
Legal Doctrine
27
Views and Decisions of Treaty-monitoring Bodies
28
1.7.4.
Summary
32
Part I: Reception of Asylum Seekers in the European Union
2.
EU Directives on Reception Conditions for Asylum Seekers
35
2.1.
Introduction
35
2.2.
Background: Reception of Asylum Seekers in EU Member States prior to Directive 2003/9/EC
36
2.3.
Directive 2003/9/EC
40
2.3.1.
Introduction
40
2.3.2.
Realization of Directive 2003/9
41
2.3.3.
Object and Purpose
44
2.3.4.
Personal Scope
45
Lodging or Making an Asylum Application
46
No Final Decision
48
Allowed to Remain on the Territory
49
Concluding Remarks
53
2.3.5.
Material Reception Conditions
54
Text of the Directive
54
Differences from the Commission Proposal
57
2.3.6.
Health Care
58
Text of the Directive
58
Differences from the Commission Proposal
58
2.3.7.
Access to the Labour Market
59
Text of the Directive
59
Differences from the Commission Proposal
61
2.3.8.
Reduction and Withdrawal of Reception Conditions
62
Text of the Directive
62
Differences from the Commission Proposal
64
2.4.
Directive 2013/33/EU
65
2.4.1.
Introduction
65
2.4.2.
Realization of Directive 2013/33
66
2.4.3.
Object and Purpose
69
2.4.4.
Personal Scope
70
2.4.5.
Material Reception Conditions
73
Text of the Directive
73
Differences from the Commission Proposal
74
2.4.6.
Health Care
76
Text of the Directive
76
Differences from the Commission Proposal
76
2.4.7.
Access to the Labour Market
77
Text of the Directive
77
Differences from the Commission Proposal
78
2.4.8.
Reduction and Withdrawal of Reception Conditions
80
Text of the Directive
80
Differences from the Commission Proposal
81
2.5.
Concluding Remarks
82
Part II: Equality of Treatment?
3.
Introduction to Part II
87
3.1.
Introduction
87
3.2.
Empty Character of the Principle of Equal Treatment
88
3.3.
Open and Closed Methods
89
3.4.
Further Demarcation of the Scope of the Research
90
3.5.
Ground of Discrimination
92
3.6.
Relevant Charter Provisions
98
3.7.
Structure of Part II
99
4.
Equal Treatment under the Refugee Convention
100
4.1.
Introduction
100
4.2.
Personal Scope
101
4.3.
Object and Purpose
105
4.4.
Equal Treatment Regarding Wage-earning Employment and Social Security
108
4.5.
Interpretation of the Various Qualifying Conditions
109
4.5.1.
Introduction
109
4.5.2.
Autonomous Meaning
110
4.5.3.
Meaning of 'Refugee'
111
4.5.4.
Meaning of 'Lawful'
112
4.6.
Refugees 'Lawfully in' the Territory
114
4.7.
Refugees 'Residing' in the Territory
126
4.8.
Refugees 'Lawfully Staying' in the Territory
128
4.9.
Concluding Remarks
132
5.
International Social Security (Co-ordination) Law
134
5.1.
Introduction
134
5.2.
Contributory, Non-contributory and Social Assistance Schemes
136
5.3.
Relevant ILO Conventions
139
5.3.1.
Introduction
139
5.3.2.
Convention no 102 on Social Security (Minimum Standards)
140
Introduction
140
Equal Treatment
140
Ordinarily Resident
142
Summary
146
5.3.3.
Convention no 97 on Migration for Employment (Revised)
146
5.3.4.
Convention no 118 on Equality of Treatment (Social Security)
151
5.3.5.
Summary
156
5.4.
Relevant Council of Europe Conventions
158
5.4.1.
Introduction
158
5.4.2.
European Interim Agreements on Social Security and the European Convention on Social Security
159
5.4.3.
European Convention on Social and Medical Assistance
164
Introduction
164
Material Scope
165
Equal Treatment
166
Analysis
171
5.4.4.
Summary
173
5.5.
Concluding Remarks
174
6.
Non-discrimination under International Human Rights Law
176
6.1.
Introduction
176
6.2.
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
178
6.2.1.
Text and Context
178
6.2.2.
Application to Aliens
180
6.2.3.
Interpretation
181
6.2.4.
Analysis
184
6.3.
European Convention on Human Rights
185
6.3.1.
Text and Context
185
6.3.2.
Application to Aliens
191
6.3.3.
Interpretation
192
Applicability of Article 14
192
Compliance with Article 14
195
6.3.4.
Analysis
204
6.4.
European Social Charter
212
6.4.1.
Text and Context
212
6.4.2.
Application to Aliens
213
Text of the Charter
213
Approach of the European Committee on Social Rights
217
Analysis
221
Concluding Remarks
224
6.4.3.
Interpretation
224
6.4.4.
Summary
227
6.5.
Concluding Remarks
228
7.
Conclusions to Part II
232
Part III: Full Sovereignty?
8.
Introduction to Part III
239
8.1.
Aims and Delimitations
239
8.2.
Relevant Charter Provisions
241
8.3.
Structure of Part III
243
9.
Substantive Rights under the Refugee Convention
244
9.1.
Introduction
244
9.2.
Article 7: General Standard of Treatment and Exemption from Reciprocity
245
9.3.
Article 13: Movable and Immovable Property
248
9.4.
Article 17: Wage-earning Employment
249
9.5.
Article 20: Rationing
251
9.6.
Article 31(1): Freedom from Penalization for Illegal Entry
252
9.7.
Article 33: Non-refoulement
253
9.8.
Concluding Remarks
254
10.
Justifications under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
255
10.1.
Introduction
255
10.2.
Nature of the Rights
256
10.3.
Justifications
261
10.3.1.
Introduction
261
10.3.2.
Scope of the Limitation Provision
262
10.3.3.
Relation to Article 2 of the ICESCR
263
10.3.4.
'Determined by Law'
265
10.3.5.
'Compatible with the Nature of the Rights'
266
10.3.6.
'For the Purpose of Promoting the General Welfare in a Democratic Society'
270
10.3.7.
Additional (Inherent) Requirement of Proportionality?
272
10.3.8.
Standard of Review
273
10.4.
Analysis
275
10.5.
Concluding Remarks
282
11.
Positive Obligations under the European Convention on Human Rights
284
11.1.
Introduction
284
11.2.
Article 3
287
11.2.1.
Introduction
287
11.2.2.
State Responsibility
292
11.2.3.
Minimum Level of Severity
300
11.2.4.
Summary
309
11.3.
Article 2
311
11.3.1.
Introduction
311
11.3.2.
Health Care
313
11.3.3.
Basic Necessities of Life
317
11.3.4.
Analysis and Concluding Remarks
318
11.4.
Article 8
320
11.4.1.
Introduction
320
11.4.2.
Negative and Positive Obligations under Article 8
322
11.4.3.
Case Law on Social and Economic Interests under Article 8
324
Health Care
325
Housing
328
Social Benefits
330
11.4.4.
Asylum Seekers and Article 8
331
11.4.5.
Analysis and Concluding Remarks
335
11.5.
Case Law about Ending Entitlement to Social Security Benefits and Accommodation
336
11.5.1.
Introduction
336
11.5.2.
Article 8
337
11.5.3.
Article 1 of the First Protocol
340
11.5.4.
Concluding Remarks
342
11.6.
Case Law on Access to the Labour Market
343
11.7.
Analysis
344
11.7.1.
Introduction
344
11.7.2.
State Obligations to Provide Social Benefits
345
11.7.3.
State Obligations if some Kind of Social Security is Provided to Asylum Seekers
348
Quality of Living Conditions
348
End or Change of Entitlement to Reception Benefits
351
11.7.4.
Concluding Remarks
352
12.
Article 18 of the European Social Charter (Revised)
353
12.1.
Introduction
353
12.2.
Personal Scope of Article 18 of the ESC
355
12.3.
Substantive Meaning of Article 18 of the ESC
357
12.4.
Concluding Remarks
359
13.
Conclusions to Part III
361
14.
Conclusions
369
14.1.
Introduction
371
14.2.
Reception of Asylum Seekers in the European Union
371
14.2.1.
Convergence from the Outset and in External Appearance
371
14.2.2.
Convergence in Official Discourse
371
14.2.3.
Convergence in Standards Ultimately Adopted
372
14.3.
Evaluation of the State Obligations Stemming from International Law
373
14.3.1.
Introduction
373
14.3.2.
Separation vs Convergence
374
14.3.3.
Relevance of the Right at Stake
375
14.3.4.
Relevance of Permitted Entry
376
14.3.5.
Relevance of Being an Asylum Seeker
377
14.3.6.
Relevance of Availability of Resources
378
14.3.7.
Relevance of the Lapse of Time
379
14.3.8.
Relevance of the Degree of Control Exercised over Asylum Seekers
380
14.3.9.
Concluding Remarks
381
14.4.
Assessment of the EU Reception Conditions Directives in Relation to International Law
383
14.4.1.
Introduction
383
14.4.2.
Access to Wage-earning Employment
384
14.4.3.
Material Benefits
385
14.4.4.
Health Care
389
14.4.5.
Denial, Reduction and Withdrawal of Reception Benefits
390
14.4.6.
State Obligations not Addressed by the EU Reception Conditions Directives
392
14.5.
Concluding Remarks
393
Bibliography
395
Index
407