Foreign affairs and the EU constitution : selected essays / Robert Schütze.
2014
KJE5105 .S38 2014 (Map It)
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Details
Author
Title
Foreign affairs and the EU constitution : selected essays / Robert Schütze.
Published
Cambridge, United Kingdom : Cambridge University Press, 2014.
Call Number
KJE5105 .S38 2014
ISBN
9781107037663 (hardback)
1107037662 (hardback)
1107037662 (hardback)
Description
xxxiv, 522 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)868037812
Summary
"Foreign affairs are 'border' affairs - in a geographical and a constitutional sense. They are traditionally subject to distinct constitutional principles, for the political questions posed might not be susceptible to legal answers. And yet: in our globalized world, the orthodox distinction between 'internal' and 'external' affairs has lost much of its clarity. The contemporary world is an international world - a world of collective trade agreements and collective security systems. The European Union - as a union of States - embodies this collective spirit on a regional international scale. But what is the relationship between this new European legal order and the old legal order of international law? When can the Union act on the international scene and, if so: how? "Foreign Affairs and the EU Constitution" brings together a collection of outstanding essays on external relations written by one of the leading constitutional scholars of the European Union"-- Provided by publisher.
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Record Appears in
Variant Title
Foreign affairs and the European Union constitution
Table of Contents
List of figures
xv
List of tables
xvi
Acknowledgements
xvii
Table of cases
xix
List of international instruments
xxvii
List of EU Treaty articles (selection)
xxx
List of abbreviations
xxxii
Introduction
1
Part I International law and the EU Constitution: normative aspects
9
1.
On 'federal ground': the European Union as an (inter)national phenomenon
11
Introduction
11
1.
'supranational' Europe: a (very) brief history
12
2.
European Union in the light of the American federal tradition
19
a.
foundational dimension: Europe's 'constitutional treat(ies)'
22
b.
institutional dimension: a European Union of states and people(s)
26
c.
functional dimension: the division of powers in Europe
29
d.
Overall classification: the European Union on federal middle ground
31
3.
European Union in the light of the European federal tradition
32
a.
Posing the sovereignty question: the 'Maastricht Decision'
35
b.
Europe's statist tradition unearthed: three constitutional denials
38
Conclusion
43
2.
On 'middle ground': the European Union and public international law
47
Introduction
47
1.
International norms formally binding on the Union: monism and the politics of direct effect
49
a.
International agreements as direct sources of European law
49
aa.
direct effect of international agreements [—] a political question?
50
bb.
Indirect effects of international agreements in the European legal order
54
b.
Customary international law in the European legal order
56
2.
'External' international treaties and Union succession: from the GATT to the United Nations?
60
a.
Constitutional design: the United Nations and the Union legal order
62
b.
Union judiciary and UN Security Council Resolutions
65
aa.
traditional approach: European autonomy with an 'internationalist' streak
65
bb.
new approach? Yusuf and the 'subordination' of the European legal order
70
Conclusion
77
Coda: Kafka, Kadi, Kant
80
3.
'succession doctrine' and the European Union
91
Introduction
91
1.
External perspective: functional succession in international law
92
a.
Treaty succession and unions of states
94
b.
Bridging the gap: the (limited) direct responsibility of member states
99
2.
Internal perspective: functional succession in European law
103
a.
Survival without succession: Article 351 and prior Member State agreements
104
aa.
'supremacy' of international treaties: internal and external limits
104
bb.
Temporal limits to treaty continuity: Article 351(2) TFEU
106
b.
Survival with succession: the theory and practice of functional succession
109
aa.
European Court and the practice of Union succession
110
bb.
Bridging the gap: the Member States as 'trustees' of the Union
116
Conclusion
117
4.
European law and Member State agreements: an ambivalent relationship?
120
Introduction
120
1.
International agreements of the Member States prior to the EU Treaties
123
a.
'suspended supremacy' of European law [—] Article 351 TFEU
125
b.
International 'debts': the theory and practice of Union succession
125
aa.
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (1947) [—] a 'settled' relationship
128
bb.
European Convention on Human Rights (1950) [—] a relationship to be settled?
131
cc.
UN Charter (1945) [—] an unsettled relationship?
134
2.
International agreements of the Member States after the creation of the EU
135
a.
Agreements between Member States of the Union
138
aa.
Inter se agreements between all Member States [—] a flight into international law?
139
bb.
Excursus: the ambivalent nature of 'Community Conventions' under ex-Article 293 EC
146
cc.
constitutional regime governing inter se agreements of some Member States
150
b.
International agreements between Member States and third states
155
aa.
International agreements with third states and the non-discrimination principle
156
bb.
Material conflicts with European law [—] a flight into dual federalism?
160
Conclusion
170
Part II Foreign affairs and the EU Constitution: vertical aspects
173
5.
Federalism and foreign affairs: mixity as an (inter)national phenomenon
175
Introduction
175
1.
Federal states and foreign affairs: comparative constitutional perspectives
176
a.
'closed' federation: the United States of America
177
aa.
Constitutional certainties: the plenary scope of the treaty power
178
bb.
Constitutional ambivalences: the treaty-making powers of the states
181
b.
'open' federation: the German federal state in constitutional history
185
aa.
scope of the federal treaty power: three competing constitutional views
186
bb.
autonomous treaty-making powers of the member states
188
c.
Conclusion: federal states, foreign affairs and (the absence of) mixed agreements
190
2.
European Union and foreign affairs: pure and mixed agreements
193
a.
scope of the European Union's treaty powers: the doctrine of parallelism
195
b.
scope of the Member States' treaty powers: constitutional and legislative pre-emption
198
c.
Mixed agreements and foreign affairs: Europe's federal constitutional convention
201
Conclusion
206
6.
Dual federalism constitutionalised: the emergence of exclusive competences
209
Introduction
209
1.
Constitutional genesis: exclusive points on a canvas of shared powers
212
a.
Constitutional genesis no. 1: the Common Commercial Policy
213
b.
Constitutional genesis no. 2: the conservation of biological resources of the sea
218
c.
Constitutional genesis no. 3: Opinion 1/76 and 'constitutional necessity' in the external sphere
223
2.
From judicial pointillism towards broader constitutional lines?
225
a.
Grander constitutional designs and the Union's exclusive powers
226
aa.
1984 Draft Treaty Establishing the European Union
226
bb.
Maastricht Treaty and the '1992' vision of the European Commission
227
cc.
Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe (2004)
229
b.
Ontology and functionality: constitutional guidelines for the discovery of exclusive competences?
231
Conclusion
232
7.
Parallel external powers in the European Union: from 'cubist' perspectives towards 'naturalist' constitutional principles?
237
Introduction
237
1.
existence of implied external powers: the doctrine(s) of parallelism
241
a.
genesis of implied external powers and the 'triumph of parallelism'
242
b.
Towards a theory of implied external powers: three competing conceptions
248
2.
enigmatic nature of parallel competences: exclusive, shared, joint?
256
a.
Historical vestiges: the two jurisprudential lines of exclusive implied external powers
257
aa.
'Subsequently exclusive' parallel powers through internal legislation: the ERTA doctrine
257
bb.
Naturally exclusive external powers through constitutional 'necessity': the remarkable transformation of the Opinion 1/76 ratio decidendi
258
b.
Cubist perspectives: the constitutional peculiarities of the parallel competence paradigm
269
aa.
Conceptual antipodes: exclusive competence versus doctrine of pre-emption
270
bb.
Excursus: 'mixed up' in the Luxembourg Compromise [—] shared powers versus mixed agreements
277
Conclusion
283
8.
ERTA doctrine and cooperative federalism
287
Part III Foreign affairs and the EU Constitution: horizontal aspects
299
9.
External Union powers: competences and procedures
301
Introduction
301
1.
external competences of the Union
303
a.
Common Foreign and Security Policy
306
b.
Union's special external powers
307
c.
residual treaty power: Article 216 TFEU
309
d.
relationship between the CFSP and the special external competences
311
2.
nature of external competences
314
a.
sui generis nature of the CFSP competence
315
b.
Article 3(2) TFEU: subsequent exclusive treaty powers
317
aa.
Three lines of exclusivity: codifying constitutional practice?
317
bb.
Subsequent exclusivity: criticising constitutional theory
319
3.
External decision-making procedures
320
a.
'specificity' of CFSP decision-making procedures
321
aa.
Institutional actors and institutional balance
321
bb.
Voting arrangements in the Council
322
b.
Union's (ordinary) treaty-making procedure
324
aa.
Initiation and negotiation
325
bb.
Signing and conclusion
327
cc.
Modification, suspension (and termination)
328
dd.
Union succession to international agreements of the Member States
329
4.
Sharing external power: constitutional safeguards of unitarianism
331
a.
Mixed agreements: an international and political safeguard
332
b.
duty of cooperation: an internal and judicial safeguard
335
aa.
Member States as 'trustees of the Union'
336
bb.
'Reversed' subsidiarity: restrictions on the exercise of shared state power
337
Conclusion
340
10.
External Union legislation: international agreements
343
Introduction
343
1.
Conditions for direct effect
345
a.
dimensions of direct effect
346
b.
constitutional nature of direct effect
349
2.
Double pre-emption: international agreements in the European legal order
354
Conclusion
357
11.
'treaty power' and parliamentary democracy: comparative perspectives
359
Introduction
359
1.
'treaty power' in the United States
362
a.
Article II treaties with the 'advice and consent' of the Senate
363
b.
Article I: the (impost) congressional-executive agreement
367
c.
Executive agreements: presidential unilateralism [—] old and new
372
aa.
Article II and sole executive 'agreements'
372
bb.
Delegating Article I powers: the (ex ante) congressional-executive agreement
374
d.
Excursus: terminating (and suspending) treaties or agreements
377
2.
'treaty power' in the European Union
380
a.
'ordinary' treaty procedure: Article 218 TFEU
383
aa.
Proposal and negotiation phase 384 (bb)
Conclusion and Parliament: consultation or consent?
386
b.
In particular: CFSP agreements and the European Parliament
389
c.
Executive agreements: inherent and delegated treaty powers
392
aa.
Commission agreements
392
bb.
Executive agreements by other Union institutions and bodies
396
d.
Excursus: terminating (and suspending) treaties or agreements
399
Conclusions (and comparisons)
401
12.
External Union policies: a substantive overview
407
Introduction
407
1.
Common Commercial Policy
409
a.
Union's CCP competence: scope and nature
411
b.
Decision-making and treaty-making procedure(s)
417
c.
Tariff and trade agreements: multilateral and bilateral
418
aa.
WTO Agreement: structure and content
418
bb.
Bilateral trade agreements of the Union
421
d.
(Autonomous) liberalisation and protective measures
421
2.
Development cooperation
426
a.
Development policy: general relations
427
aa.
(Indirect) development cooperation under the Common Commercial Policy
427
bb.
From trade to aid: direct development policy
431
i.
Constitutional foundations: the development cooperation competence
431
ii.
Legislative foundations: the development cooperation instrument
435
b.
Development policy: special relations
437
aa.
Associating ACP countries: from Lomé to Cotonou
438
bb.
European Development Fund
441
3.
Common Foreign and Security Policy
443
a.
CFSP: constitutional foundations
445
aa.
Competence(s), instruments, procedures
445
bb.
Institutional infrastructure
447
b.
Union 'strategies': words for the world
450
c.
From words to actions I: CSDP 'missions'
452
d.
From words to actions II: restrictive measures
456
aa.
Restrictive measures: competence and procedure
456
bb.
Counter-terrorism measures and judicial review
458
4.
Association and accession
461
a.
'Constitutional' association(s): overseas countries and territories
462
b.
'Contractual' association(s): Article 217 TFEU
463
aa.
Bilateral association: the customs union with Turkey
464
bb.
EFTA: the European Economic Area
467
c.
'Special' association(s): the European Neighbourhood Policy
470
d.
Accession: the Union's enlargement 'policy'
474
aa.
Pre-accession: eligibility and admissibility
476
bb.
Accession agreements: procedural and substantive aspects
478
Conclusion
480
Appendix: Foreign affairs provisions in the EU
Constitution (selection)
482
Index
509