An introduction to European law / Robert Schütze.
2015
KJE947 .S359 2015 (Map It)
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Details
Author
Title
An introduction to European law / Robert Schütze.
Published
Cambridge, United Kingdom : Cambridge University Press, 2015.
Call Number
KJE947 .S359 2015
Edition
Second edition.
ISBN
9781107111813 (Hardback)
1107111811 (Hardback)
9781107530324 (Paperback)
1107530326 (Paperback)
1107111811 (Hardback)
9781107530324 (Paperback)
1107530326 (Paperback)
Description
xxxvii, 345 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)915915963
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
List of illustrations
xvi
List of tables
xvii
Acknowledgements
xviii
Table of cases
xix
List of abbreviations
xxxviii
Introduction
1
pt. I
European Law: Creation
7
1.
Union Institutions
9
Introduction
9
1.
European Parliament
11
(a).
Formation: Electing Parliament
12
(b).
Parliamentary Powers
15
(i).
Legislative Powers
15
(ii).
Budgetary Powers
17
(iii).
Supervisory Powers
17
(iv).
Elective Powers
18
2.
Council of Ministers
20
(a).
Composition and Configurations
21
(b).
Internal Structure and Organs
22
(c).
Decision-making and Voting
23
(d).
Functions and Powers
27
3.
Commission
28
(a).
Composition and Election
28
(b).
President and "his" College
29
(c).
Functions and Powers
32
4.
Court of Justice of the European Union
34
(a).
Judicial Architecture: the European Court System
35
(b).
Jurisdiction and Judicial Powers
36
Conclusion
37
2.
Union Legislation
39
Introduction
39
1.
"Ordinary" Legislative Procedure
41
(a).
Constitutional Theory: Formal Text
41
(a).
Constitutional Practice: Informal Trilogues
44
2.
"Special" Legislative Procedures
46
3.
Principle of Subsidiarity
47
(a).
Subsidiarity as a Political Safeguard
49
(b).
Subsidiarity as a Judicial Safeguard
52
4.
Excursus: The (Ordinary) Treaty-Making Procedure
56
(a).
Initiation and Negotiation
57
(b).
Signing and Conclusion
59
(c).
Modification and Suspension (Termination)
60
(d).
Union Succession to Member State Agreements
61
Conclusion
63
3.
Union Competences
65
Introduction
65
1.
Union Competences: Teleological Interpretation
67
2.
General Competences of the Union
70
(a).
Harmonization Competence: Article 114
71
(b).
Residual Competence: Article 352
73
3.
Doctrine of Implied (External) Powers
76
(a).
ERTA and the Doctrine of Parallel Powers
77
(b).
Article 216: Codifying ERTA?
79
4.
Categories of Union Competences
80
(a).
Exclusive Competences: Article 3
82
(b).
Shared Competences: Article 4
85
(c).
Coordinating Competences: Article 5
86
(d).
Complementary Competences: Article 6
87
Conclusion
88
4.
Fundamental Rights
90
Introduction
90
1.
Birth of European Fundamental Rights
92
(a).
European Standard -- An "Autonomous" Standard
94
(b).
Limitations, and "Limitations on Limitations"
97
2.
United Nations Law: External Limits to European Human Rights?
99
3.
Charter of Fundamental Rights
102
(a).
(Hard) Rights and (Soft) Principles
104
(b).
Limitations, and "Limitations on Limitations"
106
4.
"External" Bill of Rights: The European Convention on Human Rights
108
(a).
Before Accession: Indirect Review of Union Law
108
(b).
After Accession: Direct Review of Union Law
110
Conclusion
111
pt. II
European Law: Enforcement
113
5.
Direct Effect
115
Introduction
115
1.
Direct Applicability and Direct Effect
117
2.
Direct Effect of Primary Law
120
(a).
Direct Effect: From Strict to Lenient Test
122
(b).
Vertical and Horizontal Direct Effect
125
3.
Direct Effect of Secondary Law: Directives
128
(a).
Direct Effect of Directives: Conditions and Limits
129
(b).
No-Horizontal-Direct-Effect Rule
131
(c).
Limitation to the Rule: The Wide Definition of State (Actions)
133
(d).
Exception to the Rule: Incidental Horizontal Direct Effect
135
4.
Indirect Effects: The Doctrine of Consistent Interpretation
137
Conclusion
141
6.
(Legal) Supremacy
142
Introduction
142
1.
European Perspective: Absolute Supremacy
144
(a).
Supremacy over Internal Law of the Member States
145
(b).
Supremacy over International Treaties of the Member States
147
2.
Supremacy's "Executive" Nature: Disapplication, not Invalidation
149
3.
National Challenges I: Fundamental Rights
152
4.
National Challenges II: Competence Limits
156
Conclusion
159
7.
National Actions
161
Introduction
161
1.
National Remedies: Equivalence and Effectiveness
164
(a).
Equivalence Principle
165
(b).
Effectiveness Principle
167
2.
State Liability: The Francovich Doctrine
170
(a).
Birth of the Francovich Doctrine
171
(b).
Three Conditions for State Liability
173
3.
Preliminary Rulings I: General Aspects
177
(a).
Jurisdiction of the European Court
178
(b).
Legal Nature of Preliminary Rulings
179
4.
Preliminary Rulings II: Special Aspects
182
(a).
"Who": National Courts and Tribunals
182
(b).
"What": Necessary Questions
184
(c).
Obligation to Refer and "Acre Clair"
186
Conclusion
189
8.
European Actions
191
Introduction
191
1.
Enforcement Actions against Member States
192
(a).
Procedural Conditions under Article 258
193
(b).
Judicial Enforcement through Financial Sanctions
195
2.
Actions Against the Union: Failure to Act
196
3.
Annulment Actions: Judicial Review
198
(a).
"Whether": The Existence of a "Reviewable" Act
200
(b).
"Why": Legitimate Grounds for Review
207
(i).
"Formal" and "Substantive" Grounds
202
(ii).
Proportionality: A Substantive Ground
204
(c).
"Who": Legal Standing before the European Courts
206
(i).
Rome Formulation and its Judicial Interpretation
207
(ii).
Lisbon Formulation and its Interpretative Problems
210
4.
Damages Actions: Union Liability
214
(a).
Procedural Conditions: From Dependent to Independent Action
215
(b).
Substantive Conditions: From Schoppenstedt to Bergaderm
216
Conclusion
218
pt. III
European Law: Substance
219
9.
Internal Market: Goods I
221
Introduction
221
1.
Fiscal Barriers I: Customs Duties
222
(a).
Article 30: An Absolute Prohibition
223
(b).
Objective "Justifications"
225
2.
Fiscal Barriers II: Discriminatory Internal Taxation
227
(a).
Paragraph 1: Discrimination against "Similar" Foreign Goods
228
(b).
Paragraph 2: Protection against "Competing" Foreign Goods
230
3.
Regulatory Barriers: Quantitative Restrictions
232
(a).
Quantitative Restrictions on Imports: Article 34
233
(b).
Quantitative Restrictions on Exports: Article 35
240
4.
Justifying Regulatory Barriers: Article 36 and Mandatory Requirements
241
(a).
Implied Justifications: Mandatory Requirements
242
(b).
Proportionality Principle and National Standards
244
Conclusion
246
10.
Internal Market: Goods II
247
Introduction
247
1.
Harmonization Competences: General Issues
249
(a).
Concept of "Approximation" or "Harmonization"
251
(b).
"Establishment" or "Functioning" of the Internal Market
254
2.
Relationship to "Sectoral" Legislative Competences
258
3.
"Opting Up": Derogation Clauses in Article 114
260
4.
Tax Harmonization, in particular: Article 113
264
Conclusion
266
11.
Internal Market: Persons
268
Introduction
268
1.
Free Movement of Workers
270
(a).
Personal Scope: Workers and "Quasi-workers"
271
(b).
Material Scope: Discrimination and Beyond
275
2.
Freedom of Establishment
279
(a).
Personal Scope: Self-employed Persons (and Companies)
279
(b).
Material Scope: Discrimination and Beyond
281
3.
European Citizenship: A General Right to Move and Stay?
283
(a).
Article 21(1): A Direct Source of Movement Rights
284
(b).
Directive 2004/38: Rights and Limitations
286
4.
Justifying Restrictions on (Self-)employed Persons
289
(a).
Express Justifications and (Implied) Imperative Requirements
289
(b).
In particular: The Public Service Exception
291
Conclusion
293
12.
Competition Law: Cartels
295
Introduction
295
1.
Article 101: Jurisdictional Aspects
297
(a).
Concept of "Undertaking"
299
(b).
Effect on Trade between Member States
300
2.
Forms of Collusion between Undertakings
303
(a).
Agreements I: Horizontal and Vertical Agreements
303
(b).
Agreements II: "Tacit Acquiescence" versus "Unilateral Conduct"
305
(c).
Concerted Practices and Parallel Conduct
307
(d).
Cartel Decisions through Associations of Undertakings
308
3.
Restriction of Competition: Anti-competitive Object or Effect
309
(a).
Two Dimensions: Inter-brand and Intra-brand Competition
310
(b).
Restrictions by Object: European "Per Se Rules"
311
(c).
Restrictions by Effect: A European "Rule of Reason"?
313
(d).
Non-appreciable Restrictions: The De Minimis Rule
316
4.
Article 101(3): Exemptions through Pro-competitive Effects
317
(a).
Direct Exemptions under Article 101(3)
317
(b).
Exemptions by Category: Block Exemption Regulations
319
Conclusion
320
Appendices
321
Appendix I
Academic Literature: Further Reading
323
Appendix II
How to Find (and Read) EU Judgments
330
Index
335