Constitutional foundations of European contract law : a comparative analysis / Kathleen Gutman.
2014
K840 .G88 2014 (Map It)
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Details
Author
Title
Constitutional foundations of European contract law : a comparative analysis / Kathleen Gutman.
Published
Oxford, United Kingdom : Oxford University Press, 2014.
Call Number
K840 .G88 2014
Edition
First edition.
ISBN
9780199698301
0199698309
0199698309
Description
lv, 503 pages ; 24 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)900505650
Note
Based on the author's thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Leuven, 2010.
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
Abbreviations
xxi
Table of Cases
xxvii
Table of Legal Instruments and Other Documents
xxxiii
Introduction
1
Setting of the Problem
1
Objective and Structure
4
Scope and Potential Challenges
6
I.
Context
1.
Constitutional Framing of European Contract Law
13
1.1.
Introduction
13
1.2.
Terminology
13
1.2.1.
Constitutionality and the 'constitutional' designation
14
1.2.2.
European contract law and its relationship to European private law
17
1.2.2.1.
meaning(s) of European contract law
17
1.2.2.2.
meaning(s) of European private law and similar variants
21
1.2.2.3.
Comparative leaps to the US
24
1.2.3.
Approximation and related processes
25
1.2.3.1.
Approximation, harmonization, and unification
27
1.2.3.2.
Harmonization models
31
1.2.3.3.
Coordination
36
1.2.3.4.
Codification
37
1.2.3.5.
Europeanization (and formerly Communitarization)
39
1.2.3.6.
Convergence
40
1.2.3.7.
Comparative leaps to the US
40
1.3.
Scope of EU Contract Law and Its 'Hard Core'
41
1.3.1.
Doorstep Selling Directive (85/577/EEC), repealed by the Consumer Rights Directive (2011/83/EU)
44
1.3.2.
Commercial Agents Directive (86/653/EEC)
45
1.3.3.
Consumer Credit Directive (87/102/EEC), repealed by the new Consumer Credit Directive (2008/48/EC)
46
1.3.4.
Package Travel Directive (90/314/EEC)
48
1.3.5.
Unfair Contract Terms Directive (93/13/EEC)
49
1.3.6.
Timeshare Directive (94/47/EC), repealed by the new Timeshare Directive (2008/122/EC)
51
1.3.7.
Distance Selling Directive (97/7/EC), repealed by the Consumer Rights Directive (2011/83/EU)
53
1.3.8.
Consumer Sales Directive (1999/44/EC)
54
1.3.9.
Late Payment Directive (2000/35/EC), repealed by the new Late Payment Directive (2011/7/EU)
55
1.4.
Perennial Themes
56
1.4.1.
Union competence and the roles played by Articles 114 and 115 TFEU
56
1.4.2.
relationship between consumer and general contract law
59
1.4.3.
Union legislature's piecemeal approach
60
1.5.
Conclusions
61
2.
Role of the Court of Justice in European Contract Law
62
2.1.
Introduction
62
2.2.
Court of Justice's Interpretative Role
63
2.2.1.
relationship between certain directives within EU contract law
63
2.2.2.
relationship between EU contract law and the national contract law regimes
69
2.3.
Court of Justice's Lawmaking Role
76
2.3.1.
definition of European 'federal common law' and its 'hard core'
77
2.3.2.
Illustrations of European 'federal common law' in contract law
78
2.4.
Recourse to Comparative European Contract Law Materials by the Advocates General
84
2.4.1.
Illustrations: Queue, Ilsinger, and Messner
85
2.4.2.
Potential implications for the Court's role in European contract law
89
2.5.
Conclusions
92
3.
American Contract Law Framework
93
3.1.
Introduction
93
3.2.
American 'Federal Common Law'
94
3.2.1.
General overview
94
3.2.2.
Origins of American 'federal common law'
95
3.2.2.1.
Swift- v Tyson
95
3.2.2.2.
Erie Railroad Co. v Tompkins
97
3.2.3.
Tensions underlying American 'federal common law' in contract law
101
3.3.
NCCUSL and the Uniform Law Process
103
3.3.1.
General overview
103
3.3.1.1.
meaning of uniform laws
104
3.3.1.2.
distinction between uniform laws and model laws
105
3.3.1.3.
NCCUSL and the American federal system
106
3.3.2.
Origins of the NCCUSL
107
3.3.3.
Tensions underlying the uniform law process
114
3.3.3.1.
State-by-state enactment
114
3.3.3.2.
State variation
114
3.3.3.3.
need for revision
115
3.4.
ALI and the Restatement Project
115
3.4.1.
General overview
115
3.4.1.1.
work of the ALI
116
3.4.1.2.
Restatement project
117
3.4.1.3.
meaning of a Restatement
117
3.4.2.
Origins of the ALI and the Restatement project
119
3.4.3.
Tensions underlying the Restatement project
121
3.4.3.1.
Restating the law 'as it is' versus 'as it ought to be'
122
3.4.3.2.
Restatements and codification
123
3.4.3.3.
impact of the Restatements
123
3.5.
UCC
124
3.5.1.
General overview
124
3.5.1.1.
Structure
125
3.5.1.2.
Functional approach
125
3.5.1.3.
meaning of the 'Uniform Commercial Code'
125
3.5.2.
Origins of the UCC
127
3.5.2.1.
From the Uniform Sales Act to the Williston-ABA Federal Sales Act
127
3.5.2.2.
Merchants' Association Federal Sales Act
130
3.5.2.3.
From the Federal Sales Act to the UCC
131
3.5.2.4.
UCC takes shape: Federal and state versions
133
3.5.3.
Tensions underlying the UCC
135
3.5.3.1.
UCC and interstate/intrastate uniformity
135
3.5.3.2.
UCC and federalization
136
3.5.3.3.
UCC and consumer protection
138
3.6.
Conclusions
141
II.
Debate
4.
Debate Begins
147
4.1.
Introduction
147
4.2.
Academic Projects
148
4.2.1.
Commission on European Contract Law
149
4.2.2.
Study Group on a European Civil Code
152
4.2.3.
Network of Excellence
153
4.3.
Early European Parliament Resolutions
156
4.3.1.
1989 Resolution
156
4.3.2.
Commission's response to 'Problems of harmonizing civil law'
163
4.3.3.
1994 Resolution
165
4.3.4.
1999 Working Paper
168
4.3.5.
2000 Resolution
170
4.4.
European Council Meeting at Tampere
172
4.4.1.
Events leading to Tampere and the Vienna Action Plan
172
4.4.2.
Tampere Conclusions
175
4.5.
Conclusions
178
5.
Debate Solidifies
180
5.1.
Introduction
180
5.2.
2001 Communication
180
5.3.
2003 Action Plan
186
5.3.1.
Responses to the 2001 Communication
187
5.3.1.1.
European Parliament's 2001 Resolution
187
5.3.1.2.
Council's 2001 Report
192
5.3.1.3.
EESC's 2002 Opinion
194
5.3.1.4.
Stakeholder responses to the 2001 Communication
196
5.3.2.
Content of the 2003 Action Plan
199
5.4.
2004 Communication
204
5.4.1.
Responses to the 2003 Action Plan
205
5.4.1.1.
European Parliament's 2003 Resolution
205
5.4.1.2.
Council's 2003 Resolution
206
5.4.1.3.
European Central Bank's 2003 Letter
207
5.4.1.4.
Stakeholder responses to the 2003 Action Plan
208
5.4.2.
Content of the 2004 Communication
210
5.4.3.
Aftermath of the 2004 Communication
216
5.4.3.1.
Hague Programme
216
5.4.3.2.
EESC's Opinion on European insurance contract law
218
5.5.
Conclusions
219
6.
Debate Continues
221
6.1.
Introduction
221
6.2.
Path to the CFR
221
6.2.1.
2005 Progress Report
221
6.2.1.1.
Council's 2005 Conclusions
224
6.2.1.2.
European Parliament's 2006 Resolutions
224
6.2.1.3.
Commission's 2006 Note to the Council
227
6.2.2.
2007 Progress Report
228
6.2.3.
publication of the Draft Common Frame of Reference
229
6.2.4.
Ongoing reflection about the CFR by the Union institutions
232
6.2.4.1.
European Parliament's 2007 Resolution
232
6.2.4.2.
European Parliament's 2008 Resolution
233
6.2.4.3.
Council's 2008 Report on four fundamental aspects of the CFR
234
6.2.4.4.
Council's 2008 and 2009 Reports on further aspects of the CFR
238
6.3.
Review of the Consumer Acquis and the Path to the Consumer Rights Directive
240
6.3.1.
EC Consumer Law Compendium
240
6.3.2.
2007 Green Paper
242
6.3.2.1.
Responses to the 2007 Green Paper
245
6.3.2.2.
EESC's 2007 Opinion
245
6.3.2.3.
European Parliament's 2007 Resolution
246
6.3.2.4.
Stakeholder responses to the 2007 Green Paper
247
6.3.3.
Consumer Rights Directive
248
6.4.
Path to the Proposed CESL and Beyond
252
6.4.1.
Stockholm Programme
252
6.4.2.
2010 Green Paper
253
6.4.2.1.
Responses to the 2010 Green Paper
257
6.4.2.2.
EESC's 2011 Opinion
258
6.4.2.3.
European Parliament's 2011 Resolution
258
6.4.2.4.
Stakeholder responses to the 2010 Green Paper
260
6.4.3.
Expert Group and the 2011 Feasibility Study
261
6.4.4.
Proposal for a Regulation on a Common European Sales Law
264
6.4.4.1.
Opinions of the national parliaments
268
6.4.4.2.
Responses of the Union institutions and bodies
269
6.4.5.
Ongoing reflection about specific types of contracts
271
6.5.
Conclusions
272
III.
Constitutionality
7.
Constitutional Parameters of European Contract Law
277
7.1.
Introduction
277
7.2.
Reasons for the Neglect of Constitutionality at the European Level
277
7.3.
Overarching Treaty Framework
280
7.4.
Principles of Conferral, Subsidiarity, Proportionality, and Sincere Cooperation
282
7.4.1.
General overview
282
7.4.2.
principle of conferral
285
7.4.2.1.
definition of the principle of conferral
285
7.4.2.2.
legal basis requirement
287
7.4.2.3.
Lisbon Treaty
291
7.4.3.
principle of subsidiarity
294
7.4.3.1.
definition(s) of the principle of subsidiarity
294
7.4.3.2.
distinction between material and procedural subsidiarity
297
7.4.3.3.
Lisbon Treaty
303
7.4.4.
principle of proportionality
305
7.4.4.1.
definition(s) of the principle of proportionality
305
7.4.4.2.
Proportionality inside and outside subsidiarity
306
7.4.4.3.
Lisbon Treaty
308
7.4.5.
principle of sincere cooperation
310
7.4.5.1.
definition of the principle of sincere cooperation
310
7.4.5.2.
role(s) of the principle of sincere cooperation in European contract law
310
7.4.5.3.
Lisbon Treaty
311
7.5.
Conclusions
311
8.
European Contract Law and the Internal Market
313
8.1.
Introduction
313
8.2.
Relationship between Articles 114 and 115 TFEU
313
8.2.1.
Overview of approximation in the Treaties and the three-level hierarchy
313
8.2.2.
Text of Articles 114 and 115 TFEU compared and the order of preference
316
8.2.3.
Lingering ambiguities concerning Articles 114 and 115 TFEU
319
8.2.3.1.
'internal market' versus the 'common market'
320
8.2.3.2.
'Object' versus 'directly affect'
322
8.2.3.3.
Establishment 'and' versus 'or' functioning
323
8.3.
Scope of Article 114 TFEU
324
8.3.1.
'object' and 'approximation' prongs of the case law
324
8.3.2.
limits of Union competence under Article 114 TFEU
325
8.3.2.1.
'object' prong: Tobacco Advertising I and its evolving 'refinement'
327
8.3.2.2.
Parameters of obstacles to trade: Distinguishing obstacles sensu lato and obstacles sensu stricto
338
8.3.2.3.
Parameters of existing (and future?) appreciable distortions of competition
345
8.3.3.
exercise of Union competence under Article 114 TFEU
350
8.3.3.1.
'object' prong
350
8.3.3.2.
'approximation' prong
353
8.3.3.3.
Implications for European contract law
357
8.3.4.
Comparative reflection with the US
358
8.4.
Relationship between Articles 114 and 352 TFEU
360
8.4.1.
roles played by Article 352 TFEU vis-à-vis Article 114 TFEU
360
8.4.2.
contract law instrument modifying national contract law
361
8.4.3.
optional instrument of contract law
365
8.4.3.1.
European Cooperative Society case and related jurisprudence
365
8.4.3.2.
Dimensions of a European optional instrument of contract law
369
8.5.
Conclusions
377
9.
European Contract Law and Consumer Protection
378
9.1.
Introduction
378
9.2.
Template for the Analysis of Article 169 TFEU
380
9.2.1.
Treaties: The emergence and development of Article 169 TFEU
380
9.2.1.1.
former Treaty framework
381
9.2.1.2.
present Treaty framework
388
9.2.2.
case law: The indirect role of Article 169 TFEU
390
9.2.3.
Usage: Theory versus practice and proposals for change
398
9.2.3.1.
Theory
398
9.2.3.2.
Practice
403
9.2.3.3.
Proposals for change
406
9.3.
Scope of Article 169 TFEU
409
9.3.1.
limits of Union competence under Article 169(2)(b) TFEU
410
9.3.2.
exercise of Union competence under Article 169(2)(b) TFEU
413
9.4.
Relationship between Articles 169, 114, and 352 TFEU in European Contract Law
415
9.4.1.
European consumer contract law and ties that bind: Consumer protection and the internal market
415
9.4.2.
Comparative reflection with the US
419
9.5.
Conclusions
420
10.
European Contract Law and Judicial Cooperation in Civil Matters
421
10.1.
Introduction
421
10.2.
Article 81 TFEU as a Potential Legal Basis in European Contract Law
423
10.2.1.
former Treaty framework
423
10.2.2.
present Treaty framework
427
10.2.3.
Missed opportunity for European contract law?
436
10.3.
Relationship between Articles 81, 114, and 352 TFEU in European Contract Law
437
10.3.1.
Union measures adopted under Article 81 TFEU (ex Article 65 EC)
439
10.3.2.
limits of Union competence under Article 81 TFEU and the linkage to Article 114 TFEU
444
10.3.3.
exercise of Union competence under Article 81 TFEU and the linkage to Articles 114 and 352 TFEU
447
10.4.
Conclusions
448
11.
Alternative and Complementary Routes in European Contract Law
450
11.1.
Introduction
450
11.2.
Enhanced Cooperation
451
11.2.1.
virtues and vices of enhanced cooperation
451
11.2.2.
Can enhanced cooperation be authorized?
454
11.2.2.1.
existence of Union competence: A 'boomerang' to constitutionality
457
11.2.2.2.
internal market-related conditions: Linkage to Articles 114 and 352 TFEU
459
11.2.2.3.
Enhanced cooperation as a last resort: Linkage to the principle of sincere cooperation
462
11.2.3.
Should enhanced cooperation be used?
463
11.3.
Intergovernmental Treaty
465
11.3.1.
Distinguishing levels and approaches
465
11.3.2.
intergovernmental treaty under public international law
466
11.3.2.1.
Historical relic of days past in the debate about European private law?
466
11.3.2.2.
Problems associated with an intergovernmental treaty
468
11.3.3.
ad hoc convention method
469
11.4.
'Softer' Models: The OMC, American Techniques, and the CFR
471
11.4.1.
OMC
471
11.4.2.
American techniques
474
11.4.3.
CFR
477
11.5.
Conclusions
479
Conclusion
481
Constitutionality of European Contract Law In Toto
481
Future Path of European Contract Law
483
Index
485