The EEA and the EFTA Court : decentred integration : to mark the 20th anniversary of the EFTA court / edited by the EFTA Court, editorial committee: Carl Baudenbacher (President of the EFTA Court), Philipp Speitler (Legal Secretary, EFTA Court), Bryndís Pálmarsdóttir (Senior Officer, EFTA Court).
2014
KJE590 .E33 2014 (Map It)
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Title
The EEA and the EFTA Court : decentred integration : to mark the 20th anniversary of the EFTA court / edited by the EFTA Court, editorial committee: Carl Baudenbacher (President of the EFTA Court), Philipp Speitler (Legal Secretary, EFTA Court), Bryndís Pálmarsdóttir (Senior Officer, EFTA Court).
Published
Oxford, United Kingdom ; Portland, Oregon : Hart Publishing, 2014.
Call Number
KJE590 .E33 2014
ISBN
9781849466264 (cloth)
1849466262 (cloth)
1849466262 (cloth)
Description
xxiii, 572 pages ; 24 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)898121033
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Record Appears in
Variant Title
European Economic Area and the European Free Trade Association Court
Added Author
Added Corporate Author
Table of Contents
Foreword
v
List of Contributors / Carl Baudenbacher
xxi
I.
EFTA Court's Role in the Judicial Architecture of the EEA / Carl Baudenbacher
A.
Two EEA Courts / Carl Baudenbacher
1.
Role of the Court of Justice of the European Union in the Development of the EEA Single Market: Advancement through Collaboration between the EFTA Court and the CJEU / Carl Baudenbacher
3
I.
Introduction / Vassilios Skouris
3
II.
CJEU and EFTA Court Commonalities / Vassilios Skouris
4
III.
Homogeneity Objective / Vassilios Skouris
5
IV.
Judicial Dialogue between the Two Courts / Vassilios Skouris
8
V.
CJEU's Contribution to the Judicial Dialogue and the EEA Single Market / Vassilios Skouris
8
VI.
Case Law of the EFTA Court / Vassilios Skouris
10
VII.
Particular Added Value of the Role of Advocate General / Vassilios Skouris
10
VIII.
Conclusions / Vassilios Skouris
12
2.
EFTA Court's Early Days / Vassilios Skouris
13
I.
First Cases / Heikki Kanninen
13
II.
Painful Establishment of the EFTA Court / Heikki Kanninen
17
III.
Downsizing and Continuation / Heikki Kanninen
20
3.
Style of the EFTA Court / Heikki Kanninen
21
I.
First Encounter / Ian S. Forrester
21
II.
Early Choices / Ian S. Forrester
22
III.
Melancholy Birth / Ian S. Forrester
23
IV.
Single Market: A Magnificent Obsession? / Ian S. Forrester
26
V.
Unwelcome Persons / Ian S. Forrester
27
VI.
Controversial Matters: Gambling, Trade Union Privileges and Banking Regulation / Ian S. Forrester
29
VII.
Precautionary Principle / Ian S. Forrester
30
VIII.
Trademarks and Repackaging / Ian S. Forrester
31
IX.
Paranova: An Opportunity for Independent Thought Wasted / Ian S. Forrester
33
X.
Delay and Volume of Case-load / Ian S. Forrester
34
XI.
Due Process in Competition Cases / Ian S. Forrester
35
XII.
Welcome Dissent? The Problem of Light Judicial Review / Ian S. Forrester
37
XIII.
Posten Norge Case / Ian S. Forrester
38
XIV.
Rigour towards the Public Authority / Ian S. Forrester
39
XV.
Goal of Homogeneity between the Two Regimes / Ian S. Forrester
39
XVI.
Conclusion / Ian S. Forrester
40
4.
European Courts in Dialogue / Ian S. Forrester
43
I.
Introduction / Juliane Kokott Daniel Dittert
43
II.
Informal Types of Judicial Dialogue / Juliane Kokott Daniel Dittert
44
III.
Formalised Types of Judicial Dialogue / Juliane Kokott Daniel Dittert
48
IV.
Final Remarks / Juliane Kokott Daniel Dittert
51
5.
Advocates General and the EFTA Court / Juliane Kokott Daniel Dittert
53
I.
Introduction / Paolo Mengozzi
53
II.
Advisory Opinions of the EFTA Court and Opinions of the Advocates General / Paolo Mengozzi
54
III.
Dialogue between the EFTA Court and EU Advocates General / Paolo Mengozzi
55
A.
Recent References by Advocates General's Opinions to the EFTA Court's Judgments / Paolo Mengozzi
56
B.
Recent References by the EFTA Court to Advocates General's Opinions / Paolo Mengozzi
58
IV.
Conclusion / Paolo Mengozzi
61
6.
Immoral Choice[—]How Judges Participate in the Transformation of Rule of Law to Legal Evil / Paolo Mengozzi
63
I.
Introduction / Hans Petter Graver
63
II.
Obedience to Authority / Hans Petter Graver
66
III.
Moral Blindness / Hans Petter Graver
69
IV.
Lesser Evil / Hans Petter Graver
72
V.
Resistance to the Rule of Law / Hans Petter Graver
74
VI.
Protection of International Courts / Hans Petter Graver
77
B.
Access to Justice / Hans Petter Graver
7.
Content of Requests for Preliminary Rulings to the European Court of Justice and the EFTA Court[—]What are the Minimum Requirements? / Hans Petter Graver
83
I.
Introduction / Allan Rosas
83
II.
Scope of the Court's Jurisdiction / Allan Rosas
85
III.
Request for a Preliminary Ruling: Minimum Requirements / Allan Rosas
88
IV.
Admissibility of Requests for Advisory Opinions (EFTA Court) / Allan Rosas
90
8.
Practical Issues Regarding the Application of EEA Law through the Eyes of a National Judge / Allan Rosas
95
I.
Transposed Directives / Andreas Batliner
95
II.
Autonomous Laws / Andreas Batliner
96
III.
Non-transposed Directives / Andreas Batliner
97
IV.
Lack of National Laws / Andreas Batliner
97
V.
Fate of Laws that are Incompatible with European Law / Andreas Batliner
98
VI.
Decision-making Powers / Andreas Batliner
98
9.
'To Refer or Not to Refer?' / Andreas Batliner
101
I.
Introduction / Markús Sigurbjörnsson
101
II.
When Do the Icelandic Courts Request an Advisory Opinion? / Markús Sigurbjörnsson
102
III.
Case Law of the Supreme Court of Iceland from 1994 to 2014 / Markús Sigurbjörnsson
103
IV.
Deciding Factors for the Icelandic Courts / Markús Sigurbjörnsson
104
V.
Final Remarks / Markús Sigurbjörnsson
106
10.
'To Refer or Not to Refer?' Confession of a National Judge / Markús Sigurbjörnsson
107
I.
Obligation to Refer? / Georges Ravarani
108
II.
Liability for not Referring? / Georges Ravarani
113
11.
Efficient Judicial Protection of EEA Rights in the EFTA Pillar[—]Different Role for the National Judge? / Georges Ravarani
117
I.
'Coherent System of Judicial Protection' in the EEA? / Skúli Magnússon
117
II.
Judicial Protection of EEA Rights[—]Procedural Homogeneity / Skúli Magnússon
118
III.
EFTA Court Preliminary Reference Procedure[—]Choice or Necessity? / Skúli Magnússon
120
IV.
Whether to Refer[—]Full Discretion? / Skúli Magnússon
122
V.
ECJ or the EFTA Court? / Skúli Magnússon
124
VI.
No Obligation to Comply? / Skúli Magnússon
126
VII.
More Horizontal Judicial Relations in the EFTA Pillar? / Skúli Magnússon
129
VIII.
Role of the National Judge[—]Different or the Same? / Skúli Magnússon
130
12.
Norwegian Experience of the EEA Judiciary / Skúli Magnússon
133
I.
Introduction / Arild O. Eidesen
133
II.
Short General Assessment / Arild O. Eidesen
133
III.
Norway 'Sui Generis' / Arild O. Eidesen
135
IV.
Concrete Interactions between the EFTA Court and Norwegian Courts / Arild O. Eidesen
136
V.
Future Interaction and Developments / Arild O. Eidesen
138
13.
Role of Individual Lawyers in EEA Law / Arild O. Eidesen
141
I.
Tide / Thomas Nordby
141
II.
Role of Individual Lawyers / Thomas Nordby
141
III.
Impact of the European Courts / Thomas Nordby
143
IV.
Role of the Surveillance Authority / Thomas Nordby
147
V.
'The Floor is Yours' / Thomas Nordby
149
14.
Reciprocity, Homogeneity and Loyal Cooperation: Dealing with Recalcitrant National Courts? / Thomas Nordby
151
I.
Introduction / Catherine Barnard
151
II.
Homogeneity, Reciprocity and Loyal Cooperation: The Three Pillars of EEA Law / Catherine Barnard
152
A.
Introduction / Catherine Barnard
152
B.
Principle of Homogeneity / Catherine Barnard
152
C.
Principle of Reciprocity / Catherine Barnard
154
D.
Duty of Loyal Cooperation / Catherine Barnard
155
III.
Reference Procedure / Catherine Barnard
156
A.
Introduction / Catherine Barnard
156
B.
Making a Reference / Catherine Barnard
156
i.
Situation of Courts of Last Resort / Catherine Barnard
156
ii.
Willingness of Courts to Refer / Catherine Barnard
158
C.
Bringing the References back Home / Catherine Barnard
159
IV.
STX Case / Catherine Barnard
160
A.
Decision / Catherine Barnard
160
B.
Observations / Catherine Barnard
162
i.
EFTA Court's Judgment / Catherine Barnard
163
ii.
Judgment of the Norwegian Supreme Court / Catherine Barnard
164
C.
Crisis, what Crisis? / Catherine Barnard
167
V.
Conclusions / Catherine Barnard
168
15.
Preliminary Rulings in the EEA[—]Bridging (Institutional) Homogeneity and Procedural Autonomy by Exchange of Information / Catherine Barnard
169
I.
Introduction / Georges Baur
169
A.
Jurisprudence in the EEA: A Blurred Picture / Georges Baur
169
B.
Tension between Two Poles and Choices to be Made / Georges Baur
170
II.
Preliminary Reference in the EFTA Pillar: Advisory Opinions / Georges Baur
173
A.
General / Georges Baur
173
B.
Preliminary Reference Request / Georges Baur
174
i.
Who May Submit a Request? / Georges Baur
174
ii.
Obligation to Submit? / Georges Baur
177
iii.
Obligation to Follow? / Georges Baur
179
III.
Possible Consequences / Georges Baur
180
A.
Tolydor' Jurisprudence / Georges Baur
180
B.
State Liability / Georges Baur
181
IV.
Cooperation / Georges Baur
183
V.
Conclusion / Georges Baur
185
II.
Decentred Integration / Georges Baur
16.
European Integration / Georges Baur
189
17.
Free Movement of People and the European Economic Area / Xavier Bettel
193
I.
Introduction: The Benefits of the EEA Agreement / Viviane Reding
193
II.
Framework for the Protection of the Right to Free Movement in EEA Countries / Viviane Reding
193
III.
Upholding the Right to Free Movement: The Important Contribution of the EFTA Court / Viviane Reding
196
IV.
Looking Ahead / Viviane Reding
200
18.
'Shall be Made Part of the Internal Legal Order': The Legislative Approaches / Viviane Reding
203
I.
Problem / Henrik Bull
203
II.
Solution in the Agreement / Henrik Bull
206
III.
Solution in National Law / Henrik Bull
210
19.
Climate Change Law and Policy in the EEA[—]A View from the General Court / Henrik Bull
215
I.
Emissions Trading Scheme / Marc Jaeger
216
A.
Widening the Scope / Marc Jaeger
217
B.
Harmonising and Centralising Allocation Mechanisms / Marc Jaeger
220
C.
Road Ahead / Marc Jaeger
226
II.
Renewable Energy Legislation / Marc Jaeger
227
A.
Legislative Framework / Marc Jaeger
227
B.
Support Schemes / Marc Jaeger
228
C.
Support Schemes before the Court of Justice / Marc Jaeger
230
D.
Support Schemes and the Commission / Marc Jaeger
234
20.
Homogeneity or Renationalisation in the European Judicial Area? Comments on a Recent Judgment of the Norwegian Supreme Court / Marc Jaeger
237
I.
EFTA Court and the Lugano Convention / Christian Kohler
237
II.
Interpretation of the Lugano Convention and the Quest for Homogeneity in the European Judicial Area / Christian Kohler
239
A.
Protocol 2 on the Interpretation of the Convention / Christian Kohler
239
B.
Essentials of Homogeneity in the Brussels-Lugano Area / Christian Kohler
241
III.
Lugano Convention in Norway / Christian Kohler
242
IV.
Trico Subsea AS v Raffles Shipping Projects Pte Ltd / Christian Kohler
243
A.
Case / Christian Kohler
243
B.
Supreme Court's Judgment / Christian Kohler
243
C.
Subsequent Proceedings / Christian Kohler
245
V.
Supreme Court on the Wrong Track / Christian Kohler
245
A.
Disregard for the Obligations Flowing from Protocol 2 of the Convention / Christian Kohler
245
B.
Misconceptions about Article 2 of the Convention / Christian Kohler
247
VI.
Renationalisation v Homogeneity? / Christian Kohler
247
A.
National Bias in the Majority's Opinion / Christian Kohler
247
B.
Access to Justice on the Basis of Reciprocity? / Christian Kohler
248
C.
EEA Dimension / Christian Kohler
249
III.
General Principles and Fundamental Rights in EEA Law / Christian Kohler
21.
General Principles / Christian Kohler
253
I.
Introduction / Carl Lebeck
253
II.
General Principles as a Source of Law / Carl Lebeck
255
III.
General Principles of the EFTA Court / Carl Lebeck
256
A.
Effectiveness / Carl Lebeck
258
B.
Fundamental Rights / Carl Lebeck
259
C.
Proportionality / Carl Lebeck
260
D.
Autonomy as a Central Value? / Carl Lebeck
261
IV.
Constitutional Functions of General Principles: Internal and External Coherence / Carl Lebeck
261
V.
Conclusions / Carl Lebeck
262
22.
Fundamental Rights in EEA Law / Carl Lebeck
263
I.
Introduction / David Thór Björgvinsson
263
II.
Legal Nature of the EEA Agreement / David Thór Björgvinsson
264
III.
European Convention on Human Rights and EEA Law / David Thór Björgvinsson
266
A.
Relevance of EEA Law when the ECHR is Applied / David Thór Björgvinsson
266
i.
Introduction / David Thór Björgvinsson
266
ii.
Bosphorus Airways Judgment / David Thór Björgvinsson
267
iii.
Ullens de Schooten and Rezabek v Belgium / David Thór Björgvinsson
272
B.
Relevance of the ECHR when EEA Law is Applied / David Thór Björgvinsson
273
IV.
Concluding Remarks / David Thór Björgvinsson
279
23.
Uncharted Waters: Reflections on the Legal Significance of the Charter under EEA Law and Judicial Cross-Fertilisation in the Field of Fundamental Rights / David Thór Björgvinsson
281
I.
Introduction / Nils Wahl
281
II.
Theoretical Approach: Is there Room for More Judicial Cross-Fertilisation in the Field of Fundamental Rights? / Nils Wahl
282
A.
Underlying Foundations / Nils Wahl
282
B.
Hypothesis / Nils Wahl
285
III.
Practical Approach: How Have Stakeholders Reacted? / Nils Wahl
288
A.
Private Parties Appearing before the EFTA Court / Nils Wahl
289
B.
EFTA States / Nils Wahl
289
C.
ESA / Nils Wahl
290
D.
EFTA Court / Nils Wahl
291
E.
Confirmation of the Hypothesis? / Nils Wahl
293
IV.
'Right' Conundrum / Nils Wahl
294
A.
Charter Rights which Correspond to Rights in the ECHR / Nils Wahl
294
B.
Charter Rights which do not Correspond to Rights in the ECHR / Nils Wahl
295
V.
Concluding Remarks / Nils Wahl
297
24.
Essentials / Nils Wahl
299
I.
Homogeneity / Knut Almestad
299
II.
Individual Rights / Knut Almestad
302
III.
Loyalty / Knut Almestad
304
IV.
Conclusion / Knut Almestad
308
25.
Judicial Protection in the EEA EFTA States[—]Direct Effect of EEA Law Revisited / Knut Almestad
311
I.
Development of the Case Law of the EFTA Court and the Present State of Play / Martin Johansson
312
II.
Is a Change Required and Is It Possible? / Martin Johansson
315
III.
Conclusion / Martin Johansson
317
26.
EFTA Court and the Principle of State Liability: Protecting the Jewel in the Crown / Martin Johansson
319
I.
Introduction[—]The Jewel in the EFTA Court's Crown / Halyard Haukeland Fredriksen
319
II.
Legal Basis for the Principle of State Liability-Appraisal and Critique of Sveinbjörnsdóttir / Halyard Haukeland Fredriksen
322
III.
Reach of the Principle / Halyard Haukeland Fredriksen
325
IV.
Conditions for the Liability of the States / Halyard Haukeland Fredriksen
328
V.
Practice of the Highest Courts of the EEA EFTA States: Attempting to Sideline the EFTA Court? / Halyard Haukeland Fredriksen
330
VI.
Reaction of the EFTA Court: Protecting the Jewel in the Crown / Halyard Haukeland Fredriksen
333
VII.
Outlook[—]Will the Principle of State Liability 'Square the Circle'? / Halyard Haukeland Fredriksen
335
27.
Fine-tuning Transparency / Halyard Haukeland Fredriksen
337
I.
Introduction / Fergal O'Regan
337
II.
Access to 'Legislative Documents' / Fergal O'Regan
340
III.
Refusing Access to Legislative Documents / Fergal O'Regan
345
IV.
Access to Documents Used in Investigatory Procedures / Fergal O'Regan
348
V.
General Presumptions Based on the Need not to Modify the Nature of a Procedure / Fergal O'Regan
349
VI.
Access to Internal Documents after a Procedure has Been Completed / Fergal O'Regan
351
VII.
General Presumptions Based on the Need to Protect Information-gathering Powers / Fergal O'Regan
353
VIII.
Approach of the EFTA Court: Schenker / Fergal O'Regan
357
IX.
Approach of the EU Courts / Fergal O'Regan
357
X.
Rebuttals of the General Presumption / Fergal O'Regan
359
XI.
Further Fine-tuning the Balancing Exercise / Fergal O'Regan
364
XII.
Legislative Developments / Fergal O'Regan
365
XIII.
Conclusions / Fergal O'Regan
367
IV.
EEA Business and Economic Law / Fergal O'Regan
28.
Free Movement of Goods in EEA Law: The Philip Morris Norway, Commission v Italy and Mickelsson and Roos Cases / Fergal O'Regan
371
I.
Introduction / Koen Lenaerts
371
II.
Historical Background / Koen Lenaerts
372
III.
Commission v Italy and Mickelsson and Roos / Koen Lenaerts
377
IV.
Philip Morris Norway / Koen Lenaerts
381
V.
Concluding Remarks / Koen Lenaerts
383
29.
EFTA Court[—]A Court of Business Law? / Koen Lenaerts
387
I.
EFTA Court Issues Judgments with a Direct Impact on Business Operations / Eric Morgan de Rivery, Alexandre Fall
388
A.
Court Deals with a Wide Array of Issues Having a Direct Impact on Business / Eric Morgan de Rivery, Alexandre Fall
389
i.
Lifting Barriers to the Free Movement of Goods / Eric Morgan de Rivery, Alexandre Fall
389
ii.
Lifting Barriers to the Free Movement of Services / Eric Morgan de Rivery, Alexandre Fall
391
iii.
Lifting Barriers to the Free Movement of Capital / Eric Morgan de Rivery, Alexandre Fall
393
B.
EFTA Court Provides Advice to Other Courts or Decides Last Resort Cases on Subjects which Have an Indirect but Clear Impact on Business Operators / Eric Morgan de Rivery, Alexandre Fall
394
II.
EFTA Court through its Original Methodology and Dispensation of a High Degree of Judicial Protection Positively Affects Economic Operators outside the EFTA Pillar / Eric Morgan de Rivery, Alexandre Fall
396
A.
Approach Introducing a Higher Standard of Judicial Review in Order to Correct any Imbalance or Disadvantage which Would Play against Private Operators / Eric Morgan de Rivery, Alexandre Fall
397
i.
Better Control of Administrative Decisions Imposing Fines / Eric Morgan de Rivery, Alexandre Fall
397
ii.
Facilitate Access to Documents, in Particular for the Purpose of Private Enforcement Actions / Eric Morgan de Rivery, Alexandre Fall
399
B.
Approach Providing Clear and Practical Decisions Thanks to an Original Methodology / Eric Morgan de Rivery, Alexandre Fall
401
i.
Court Judgments are Easily Acceptable throughout the EEA because the Court Provides Useful Information or Suggests Reforms, in Particular through Commonsense Solutions and Subtle Obiter Dicta / Eric Morgan de Rivery, Alexandre Fall
403
ii.
Court Achieving a Realpolitik / Eric Morgan de Rivery, Alexandre Fall
403
III.
Conclusions / Eric Morgan de Rivery, Alexandre Fall
405
30.
Icesave[—]Limited Homogeneity and Unlimited Judicial Interpretation / Eric Morgan de Rivery, Alexandre Fall
407
I.
Introduction / Damian Chalmers
407
II.
Limits of Homogeneity after Icesave / Damian Chalmers
408
A.
Homogeneity Tradition in EEA Law / Damian Chalmers
408
B.
Homogeneity and the CJEU Counterfactual in Icesave / Damian Chalmers
410
C.
Icesave and the Limits of Homogeneity / Damian Chalmers
412
III.
Homogeneity, Limited Integration and Mutual Accommodation / Damian Chalmers
413
IV.
Conclusion / Damian Chalmers
416
31.
Standard of Review in Competition Law Cases: Posten Norge and Beyond / Damian Chalmers
417
I.
Posten Norge: A Milestone / Eric Barbier de La Serre
418
A.
'The Long and Winding Road' (A Short History of Limited Review) / Eric Barbier de La Serre
418
B.
'Dear Prudence' (Menarini, KME and Chalkor) / Eric Barbier de La Serre
421
C.
'We Can Work it Out' (Posten Norge) / Eric Barbier de La Serre
422
II.
Beyond Posten Norge[—]And Beyond Standards / Eric Barbier de La Serre
424
A.
Standards Will Always be Standards / Eric Barbier de La Serre
425
B.
Why Varying a Standard May not be Enough / Eric Barbier de La Serre
427
C.
Why, Beyond a Change of Standard, Strong Judicial Review Is Needed More Than Ever / Eric Barbier de La Serre
428
III.
Conclusion[—]Why, Without Proper Regard for the Applicants' Procedural Rights, Increased Judicial Review May Lead to Less Effective Judicial Review / Eric Barbier de La Serre
431
32.
Third Party Access to File in Competition Cases / Eric Barbier de La Serre
435
I.
Introduction / Romina Polley
435
II.
Legal Framework for Third Party Access to Documents in the EEA / Romina Polley
437
A.
Third Party Requests for Access to the Commission's or ES/Vs file / Romina Polley
437
i.
Request for Access to Documents under EU/EEA Competition Law Rules / Romina Polley
437
ii.
Request for Access to Documents on the Basis of Regulation 1049/2001 or the RAD / Romina Polley
439
B.
Third Party Requests for Access to the Case File of an NCA / Romina Polley
441
III.
Case Law of the EU Courts and the EFTA Court on Third Party Access to Documents in Competition Cases / Romina Polley
441
A.
Indirect Third Party Access to File through Article 15 Reg 1/2003 / Romina Polley
441
i.
Alstom Order of the GC / Romina Polley
441
ii.
Pilkington Order of the ECJ / Romina Polley
442
B.
Third Party Access to Documents on the Basis of Regulation 1049/2001 / Romina Polley
443
i.
GC's Case Law from CDC and EnBW to Dutch Bitumen / Romina Polley
444
ii.
ECJ's Case Law: EnBW and the General Presumption against Disclosure / Romina Polley
445
iii.
EFTA Court's Case Law: Schenker and Private Enforcement as Overriding Public Interest / Romina Polley
447
iv.
Differences between the EnBW and the Schenker Judgments / Romina Polley
449
C.
Third Party Access to Documents on the Basis of National Law / Romina Polley
450
i.
ECJ Judgment in Pfleiderer / Romina Polley
451
ii.
ECJ Judgment in Donau Chemie / Romina Polley
451
IV.
Directive on Antitrust Damages and the Case Law on Third Party Access to Documents / Romina Polley
453
A.
Commission's Proposal / Romina Polley
453
B.
Final Text Adopted by the European Parliament / Romina Polley
454
C.
Compatibility of the Antitrust Damages Directive with EU Primary Law / Romina Polley
455
V.
Conclusions / Romina Polley
457
33.
To Tax or Not to Tax: Reflections on the Case Law of the EFTA Court / Romina Polley
459
I.
Fokus Bank / Alexander Rust
460
A.
Facts of the Case (Simplified) / Alexander Rust
460
B.
Reasoning of the EFTA Court / Alexander Rust
460
C.
Comparison with the Jurisprudence of the Court of Justice / Alexander Rust
461
D.
Conclusion / Alexander Rust
463
II.
Sea brokers / Alexander Rust
463
A.
Facts of the Case (Simplified) / Alexander Rust
463
B.
Reasoning of the EFTA Court / Alexander Rust
464
C.
Comparison with the Jurisprudence of the Court of Justice / Alexander Rust
465
D.
Conclusion / Alexander Rust
465
III.
Arcade Drilling / Alexander Rust
466
A.
Facts of the Case (Simplified) / Alexander Rust
466
B.
Reasoning of the EFTA Court / Alexander Rust
466
C.
Comparison with the Jurisprudence of the Court of Justice / Alexander Rust
467
D.
Conclusion / Alexander Rust
468
IV.
EFTA Surveillance Authority v Iceland / Alexander Rust
468
A.
Facts of the Case (Simplified) / Alexander Rust
468
B.
Reasoning of the EFTA Court / Alexander Rust
469
C.
Comparison with the Jurisprudence of the Court of Justice / Alexander Rust
469
D.
Conclusion / Alexander Rust
470
V.
Final Thoughts / Alexander Rust
471
V.
Actors in the EEA / Alexander Rust
34.
EEA Joint Committee[—]A Political Assessment / Alexander Rust
475
I.
Introduction / Nikolaus von Liechtenstein
475
II.
Historical Background / Nikolaus von Liechtenstein
475
III.
Treaty Base / Nikolaus von Liechtenstein
477
IV.
Functioning of the EEA Joint Committee / Nikolaus von Liechtenstein
478
A.
Relationship to Other Bodies in the EEA / Nikolaus von Liechtenstein
478
i.
EEA Council / Nikolaus von Liechtenstein
478
ii.
EEA Joint Parliamentary Committee / Nikolaus von Liechtenstein
478
iii.
EEA Consultative Committee / Nikolaus von Liechtenstein
478
iv.
EFTA Bodies of the EEA / Nikolaus von Liechtenstein
478
v.
EU Bodies Concerned with the EEA / Nikolaus von Liechtenstein
479
B.
Daily Running of the EEA Joint Committee / Nikolaus von Liechtenstein
480
V.
Challenges / Nikolaus von Liechtenstein
480
A.
Changes in the Political Environment / Nikolaus von Liechtenstein
480
B.
Updating the Agreement / Nikolaus von Liechtenstein
481
C.
Reducing the Backlog of New Acquis / Nikolaus von Liechtenstein
481
D.
Speaking with One Voice / Nikolaus von Liechtenstein
481
E.
Streamlining the Working Methods of the EEA Joint Committee / Nikolaus von Liechtenstein
481
35.
EEA Surveillance Mechanism / Nikolaus von Liechtenstein
483
I.
Introduction / Sven Norberg
483
II.
Background / Sven Norberg
484
III.
Surveillance System / Sven Norberg
488
A.
Treaty Provisions / Sven Norberg
488
B.
Political Challenges / Sven Norberg
489
C.
Practical Challenges / Sven Norberg
491
i.
Recruitment, Training of Staff, etc / Sven Norberg
491
ii.
Differences in Employment Conditions / Sven Norberg
492
IV.
Some Observations on the Functioning of EEA Surveillance / Sven Norberg
493
A.
EU Commission / Sven Norberg
493
B.
EFTA Surveillance Authority / Sven Norberg
496
V.
Concluding Remarks / Sven Norberg
498
36.
EFTA Surveillance Authority and the Surveillance of the EEA Agreement / Sven Norberg
501
I.
Role Similar to that of the European Commission / Oda Helen Sletnes
501
II.
ESA at the Heart of the Surveillance System / Oda Helen Sletnes
502
III.
Enforcement by States and Economic Operators / Oda Helen Sletnes
503
IV.
Similar Role but Different Powers / Oda Helen Sletnes
504
V.
Similar but not Identical Procedures / Oda Helen Sletnes
505
37.
EFTA Secretariat: Steward of the EEA / Oda Helen Sletnes
507
I.
Introduction / Kristinn F. Árnason
507
II.
From a Small Listening Post to the Centre of EEA Activities / Kristinn F. Árnason
508
III.
EFTA Pillar of the EEA / Kristinn F. Árnason
510
A.
Coordinator and Intermediary / Kristinn F. Árnason
511
B.
Advice and Analysis / Kristinn F. Árnason
512
IV.
Secretariat's Role in Securing a Successful Future for the EEA Agreement / Kristinn F. Árnason
513
VI.
Look from the Outside / Kristinn F. Árnason
38.
EEA Law, Unexpected Success: A Japanese Perspective / Kristinn F. Árnason
517
I.
Introduction / Yoichi Ito
517
II.
EEA, Unexpected Success / Yoichi Ito
518
III.
Secret of Success / Yoichi Ito
522
A.
Structural Specificity of the EEA / Yoichi Ito
522
B.
Multi-level Judicial Dialogue / Yoichi Ito
524
IV.
Conclusion / Yoichi Ito
526
39.
EU Law, EEA Law and International Law[—]The Myth of Supranational Law and Its Implications for International Law / Yoichi Ito
529
I.
Introduction / Takao Suami
529
II.
EU Law versus Public International Law / Takao Suami
530
A.
Birth of a Supranational Legal Order / Takao Suami
530
B.
National Responses to the Supranational Understanding / Takao Suami
530
III.
EU Law versus EEA Law, International Law versus EEA Law / Takao Suami
531
A.
EU Law versus EEA Law / Takao Suami
531
i.
Identical Provisions, Same Interpretation and Homogeneity / Takao Suami
531
ii.
ECJ's Historical Understanding of EEA Law / Takao Suami
531
iii.
EFTA Court's Understanding on EEA Law / Takao Suami
532
B.
International Law versus EEA Law / Takao Suami
533
i.
More Subtle Issue than Other Distinctions / Takao Suami
533
ii.
ECJ's Perspective / Takao Suami
533
iii.
EFTA Court's Perspective / Takao Suami
534
C.
EEA Law as a Hybrid of International Law and EU Law / Takao Suami
534
IV.
Uncertainty within Three Distinct Legal Orders / Takao Suami
535
A.
Continuous Discussion on the Position of EU Law / Takao Suami
535
B.
Recent Phenomena in the EU Legal Order / Takao Suami
536
i.
Constitutional Tension between EU law and National Constitutions / Takao Suami
536
ii.
Combination of EU Law Measures and International Law Measures / Takao Suami
537
C.
High Level of Effectiveness of EEA law / Takao Suami
538
V.
Conclusions / Takao Suami
539
40.
Look at the EEA from Switzerland / Takao Suami
541
I.
Introduction: Switzerland and the EEA / Christa Tobler
541
II.
Institutional Issues of the Bilateral Law in Comparison to EEA Law / Christa Tobler
543
A.
Wishes of the EU / Christa Tobler
543
B.
Updating the Law / Christa Tobler
545
C.
Homogeneity in the Interpretation of the Law / Christa Tobler
547
D.
Supervision / Christa Tobler
549
E.
Dispute Resolution / Christa Tobler
550
III.
Present Situation: Impact of the Initiative on Mass Immigration / Christa Tobler
551
IV.
In Conclusion: The EEA[—]Directly or Indirectly an Option for Switzerland? / Christa Tobler
553
Index / Christa Tobler
555