The extraterritorial application of selected human rights treaties / by Karen da Costa.
2013
K3240 .C67 2013 (Map It)
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Details
Author
Title
The extraterritorial application of selected human rights treaties / by Karen da Costa.
Published
Leiden ; Boston : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2013.
Call Number
K3240 .C67 2013
ISBN
9789004228375 (hbk. ; alk. paper)
9004228373 (hbk. ; alk. paper)
9789004227187 (ebk.)
9004227180 (ebk.)
9004228373 (hbk. ; alk. paper)
9789004227187 (ebk.)
9004227180 (ebk.)
Description
x, 324 pages ; 25 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)806456279
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references (pages 305-310) and index.
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
Introduction
1
1.
Origins of the Current Debate
1
2.
Object and Method of the Present Investigation
4
3.
Are States Bound By Human Rights Treaties When They Operate Abroad?
7
A.
Main Arguments Supporting the Territorial Application of Human Rights Treaties
9
B.
Main Arguments Supporting the Extraterritorial Application of Human Rights Treaties
12
ch. 1
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
15
Preliminary Considerations on the Interpretation of International Treaties
15
1.
Wording and Origins
17
2.
History of the Proceedings
20
A.
Spatial Scope of the Covenant During the Initial Phase (1947-1948)
21
B.
Relevant Developments During the Drafting Phase (1949-1954)
22
1.
Key Provision
23
2.
Drafters' Main Focus of Concern: Guaranteeing Rights to Nationals and Aliens in a State Party's Territory
23
3.
US Amendments to the Jurisdictional Clause
24
a.
Analysis of the US Proposal to Include Reference to 'Territory' in the Jurisdictional Clause
27
4.
French Text: 'Competence' Instead of 'Juridiction'
27
5.
194th Meeting of the Commission on Human Rights (1950)
29
a.
Protection of Nationals/Aliens Within/Outside a State Party's Territory
29
b.
Military Occupation as an Exceptional Situation
31
c.
Reference to the Reach of Penal Law
32
d.
Nature of Rights and Possibility of Ensuring them Abroad
33
e.
Different Phrasings Suggested for Article 2(1)
34
6.
Failed French Attempt to Delete Reference to 'Territory'
35
C.
Relevant Developments During the Deliberation Phase (1954-1966)
37
Conclusion: Extraterritoriality in the Preparatory Work of the ICCPR
40
3.
Jurisdictional Clause of the ICCPR Interpreted by Monitoring Bodies
41
Preliminary Considerations
41
A.
Quasi-Judicial Bodies: The Position of the Human Rights Committee
42
1.
Views in Individual Communications
43
a.
Petitions Brought by Persons Who Fled the Country Regarding Events Occurred in the Country
43
b.
Passport Cases
45
c.
Persons Kidnapped by State Agents Operating Abroad
49
2.
General Comments
54
3.
Concluding Observations
57
a.
Military Occupation
58
b.
Troops Operating Abroad in Situations Other than Military Occupation
64
c.
US Territorial Interpretation of the Covenant
66
B.
Judicial Bodies; The Position of the International Court of Justice
77
1.
Wall Advisory Opinion
77
2.
Judgment in the Case of Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo
81
C.
Further International Human Rights Mechanisms: UN Special Procedures
85
Conclusion
89
ch. 2
Spatial Reach of the European Convention on Human Rights
93
Introduction
93
1.
Wording and Origins of Article 1 ECHR
93
2.
European Commission of Human Rights: 'Authority and Control Over Persons'
96
A.
Cases Related to Diplomatic and Consular Authorities
96
B.
Cases Involving Arrest or Detention of Persons Abroad
99
C.
Further Exercise of Public Powers Abroad
100
D.
Cases Involving the Presence of Troops Abroad
103
Conclusion
108
3.
Cases Before the European Court of Human Rights
110
A.
Cases before Bankovih
110
1.
Control over Territory
110
2.
Regular Exercise of Public Powers
115
3.
Non-Refoulement Cases
119
Conclusion on the Pre-Bankovie Jurisprudence
123
B.
Bankovik Case
125
1.
Factual Background
125
2.
Parties' Arguments
125
3.
Decision by the Court
126
a.
Recourse to the VCLT (1969)
127
1.
Ordinary Meaning of Jurisdiction in Public International Law: Primarily Territorial
128
2.
Subsequent State Practice
132
3.
Confirmation of Results: Travaux Preparatoires
136
b.
Recall of the Jurisprudence of the Court on Extraterritorial Jurisdiction
138
c.
Court's Evaluation of the Case at Hand
140
1.
Cause-and-Effect Notion of Jurisdiction
140
2.
Rendering Reference to Jurisdiction in Article 1 Devoid of Any Purpose
142
3.
Limited Airspace Control as Amounting to Jurisdiction: Comparison with the Soering Case
145
4.
Comparable Treaty Provisions and Jurisprudence of Further Human Rights Bodies on the Subject
147
5.
'Ordre Public' Argument, Avoiding a Regrettable Vacuum and the Legal Space of the ECHR
147
6.
Comparison with then Ongoing Cases on Similar Issues
149
7.
Absence of a 'Jurisdictional Link
149
8.
Further Possible Non-Stated Reasons Influencing the Decision in Bankovic
150
9.
Regional Character of the Convention
151
Conclusion on the Bankovic Case
160
C.
First Cases After Bankovic
161
1.
Control Over Persons
161
2.
Control Over Territory
165
3.
Control Over Persons and Control Over an Area
174
Conclusion on the First Cases after Bankovic
178
D.
Later Cases After Bankovic
181
1.
Exercise of Public Powers Abroad
181
2.
Effects of Acts Abroad
185
3.
Cases Involving the Presence of Troops Abroad
187
a.
Detention of Persons Abroad
188
b.
Incidents in UN Neutral Buffer Zone
205
c.
Further Military Operations
213
Conclusion
247
Overall Concluding Remarks
252
ch. 3
Convention Against Torture
255
1.
Different Treaty Covering an Absolute Right
256
2.
Extent of States Parties' Obligations
258
A.
States' Main Obligation Under the Convention Against Torture
259
B.
Preparatory Work of the Convention Against Torture
261
1.
Discussions on Article 2(1) CAT During the Preparatory Work
267
2.
Discussions on Article 16(1) CAT During the Preparatory Work
268
3.
Discussions on Article 3(1) CAT During the Preparatory Work
270
3.
Doubts Raised on the Geographical Extent of Application of the CAT
273
A.
Position of the United Kingdom
273
1.
Position of the Committee in Relation to the UK
277
2.
UK Comments on the Recommendations by the Committee
277
3.
Later Developments Regarding the UK
279
B.
Position of the United States
286
1.
Position of the Committee in Relation to the US
289
2.
US Comments on the Recommendations by the Committee
290
3.
Later Developments Regarding the US
291
C.
Position of the Committee as Reflected in its Further Practice
293
Conclusion
299
Final Conclusion
301
Bibliography
305
Table of Cases
311
Table of Treaties, Legislation, and Other Relevant Instruments
317
Index
321