The law of targeting / William H. Boothby.
2012
KZ6515 .B66 2012 (Map It)
On loan from Cellar, due 08. Apr 2020
Formats
| Format | |
|---|---|
| BibTeX | |
| MARCXML | |
| TextMARC | |
| MARC | |
| DublinCore | |
| EndNote | |
| NLM | |
| RefWorks | |
| RIS |
Items
Details
Author
Title
The law of targeting / William H. Boothby.
Published
Oxford, United Kingdom : Oxford University Press, 2012.
Call Number
KZ6515 .B66 2012
Edition
First edition.
ISBN
9780199696611
0199696616
0199696616
Description
xlvi, 603 pages ; 24 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)768796498
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references (pages 567-582) and index.
Available in Other Form
Online version: Boothby, William H., author. Law of targeting. First edition. Oxford, United Kingdom : Oxford University Press, 2012 (OCoLC)885362738
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
Table of Cases
xxvi
Table of Legislation
xxviii
Abbreviations
xlv
pt. I
LAW OF TARGETING IN CONTEXT
1.
Introduction
3
1.1.
Introduction
3
1.2.
What is targeting?
4
1.3.
Why is targeting important?
4
1.4.
Putting the law of targeting into context
5
1.5.
Outline of the text
5
1.6.
background to the book
8
1.7.
purpose of the book
11
2.
Historical Evolution of the Law
13
2.1.
Lieber Code
13
2.2.
St Petersburg Declaration 1868
15
2.3.
Brussels Declaration 1874
15
2.4.
Oxford Manual 1880
17
2.5.
Hague Convention II, 1899
18
2.6.
Hague Peace Conference 1907
19
2.7.
Hague Convention IX, 1907
21
2.8.
Air warfare
22
2.9.
Geneva Conventions 1949
25
2.10.
Hague Cultural Property Convention 1954
26
2.11.
Environmental Modification Convention 1976 (ENMOD)
26
2.12.
Additional Protocols I and II 1977
27
2.13.
San Remo and Air and Missile Warfare Manuals
28
2.14.
International criminal jurisdiction over war crimes
28
2.15.
ICRC Customary Law Study
29
2.16.
Conclusion
29
3.
Sources of the Law
30
3.1.
Introduction
30
3.2.
sources of targeting law
31
3.3.
Customary law
31
3.4.
Treaties
35
3.5.
Treaty formalities
36
3.6.
Statements of interpretation and reservations
37
3.7.
Interpretation of treaties
38
3.8.
Treaty rules and custom
39
3.9.
ICRC Customary Law Study
40
3.10.
Commentaries on the Additional Protocols
41
3.11.
UN Secretary General's Bulletin
41
3.12.
Conclusion
42
4.
Spectrum of Conflict
43
4.1.
Introduction
43
4.2.
International armed conflict
43
4.3.
Meaning of armed conflict
45
4.4.
Conflicts under article 1 (4) of API
46
4.5.
Non-international armed conflicts to which Additional Protocol II (APII) applies
47
4.6.
Non-international armed conflicts under Common Article 3
49
4.7.
Occupation
50
4.8.
Conflicts other than armed conflicts
50
4.9.
Human rights law and domestic law
51
4.10.
Peacekeeping, peace enforcement, and the spectrum of conflict
53
4.11.
Conclusion
53
pt. II
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF THE LAW OF TARGETING
5.
Customary Rules of Targeting
57
5.1.
Introduction
57
5.2.
Fundamental customary principles of targeting law
58
5.2.1.
Methods and means of warfare not unlimited
58
5.2.2.
Military necessity
59
5.2.3.
Humanity
59
5.2.4.
Chivalry
60
5.2.5.
Distinction
60
5.2.6.
Threats of violence
62
5.3.
rule of discrimination at customary law
64
5.4.
Combatants
65
5.5.
meaning of `the armed forces'
67
5.6.
meaning of `civilians'
69
5.7.
protection of civilians
70
5.8.
Civilian objects
70
5.9.
Doubt as to character of an object
71
5.10.
Customary rule of proportionality
71
5.11.
Precautions in attack
72
5.12.
Precautions against the effects of attacks
74
5.13.
Conclusion
76
6.
API Rule of Distinction
77
6.1.
Introduction
77
6.2.
Nuclear weapons
78
6.3.
Basic rule
79
6.4.
meaning of attacks and scope of application
81
6.5.
meaning of civilians, armed forces, and combatants
82
6.6.
Interaction between articles 51, 43, and 44
88
6.7.
Prohibiting attacks on civilians
89
6.8.
Determining civilian status
91
6.9.
Indiscriminate attacks
91
6.10.
Article 51(5)(a)
93
6.11.
Article 51(5)(b)---the rule of proportionality
94
6.12.
Other aspects of article 51
97
6.12.1.
Article 51(6)
97
6.12.2.
Article 51(7)
98
6.12.3.
Article 51(8)
98
6.13.
Military objectives and the protection of civilian objects
98
6.14.
In case of doubt
107
6.15.
Particular rules of protection
108
6.15.1.
Cultural objects and the natural environment
109
6.15.2.
Objects indispensable to the survival of the civilian population
109
6.16.
Articles 57 and 58---precautions
111
6.17.
Article 59---non-defended localities
111
6.18.
Article 60---demilitarized zones
114
6.19.
Protective zones at customary law
116
7.
Precautions
118
7.1.
Introduction
118
7.2.
general rule
119
7.3.
listed precautions in article 57(2)
119
7.4.
Precautions against the effects of attacks---the obligations of defenders
130
7.4.1.
Precaution (a)
131
7.4.2.
Precaution (b)
133
7.4.3.
Precaution (c)
134
7.5.
reciprocal nature of precautions obligations
135
7.6.
Involuntary human shields
136
7.7.
Voluntary human shields
137
7.8.
Conclusion
140
8.
Targeting Persons and the Controversy as to Direct Participation in Hostilities
141
8.1.
Introduction
141
8.2.
Members of the armed forces as combatants
142
8.3.
Distinguishing persons entitled to be respected from `combatants'
143
8.4.
`Active' and `direct' participation in hostilities
144
8.5.
Background of the `direct participation' controversy
145
8.6.
Interpretive Guidance---an introduction
146
8.7.
Interpretive Guidance---general comments
148
8.8.
Presumption against direct participation
149
8.9.
ICRC Guidance---the notions of armed forces and organized armed groups
150
8.10.
specific act approach
152
8.11.
Threshold of harm
153
8.12.
requirement for direct causation
154
8.13.
Belligerent nexus
155
8.14.
More general observations
156
8.15.
Beginning and end of DPH
158
8.16.
Temporal scope of the loss of protection
160
8.17.
Disengagement from DPH and the consequences
161
8.18.
proposed view of DPH
162
8.19.
Conclusion
164
9.
Controversy over Bombardment---What is the Required Degree of Care?
165
9.1.
Introduction
165
9.2.
Hague Regulations 1907
168
9.3.
Draft Hague Air Rules
170
9.4.
Protocols Additional to the Geneva Conventions
170
9.5.
realities of military operations
171
9.6.
required degree of care
172
9.7.
Cancelling or suspending attacks
175
9.8.
Negligence, due care, and errors of judgement
176
9.9.
operational context in which care is taken
177
9.10.
Obligations of the defender
182
9.11.
International criminal law
183
9.11.1.
International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia
184
9.11.2.
Application of the targeting rules in Kosovo
185
9.12.
Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
187
9.13.
evaluation of these war crimes
190
9.14.
Conclusions
190
pt. III
PARTICULAR PROTECTIONS
10.
Protection of the Environment
195
10.1.
Introduction
195
10.2.
Early texts
195
10.3.
Hague Peace Conferences 1899 and 1907
196
10.4.
Geneva Gas Protocol 1925
198
10.5.
ENMOD
199
10.6.
Articles 35 and 55 of API
201
10.6.1.
Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) and the environment
204
10.7.
environment, targeting, and the Gulf War 1990 to 1991
204
10.8.
Nuclear weapons
205
10.9.
Reprisals against the environment
206
10.10.
ICRC Guidelines for military manuals
207
10.11.
ICRC Customary Law Study
207
10.12.
Application of peacetime environmental law in armed conflict
211
11.
Cultural Property
213
11.1.
Introduction
213
11.2.
Writings of nineteenth-century jurists
214
11.2.1.
Lieber Code
214
11.2.2.
Brussels Declaration 1874 and Oxford Manual 1880
214
11.3.
Hague Peace Conferences 1899 and 1907
215
11.4.
Hague Draft Rules 1923
217
11.5.
Hague Convention 1954
217
11.5.1.
Introduction
217
11.5.2.
General protection of cultural property under the 1954 Convention
218
11.5.3.
Special protection under the 1954 Convention
221
11.5.4.
1999 Protocol to the 1954 Convention---general protection
222
11.5.5.
Enhanced protection under the 1999 Protocol
224
11.5.6.
significance of enhanced protection
225
11.5.7.
Loss of enhanced protection
226
11.6.
Additional Protocol 1 and cultural property
226
11.7.
War crimes in relation to cultural property
228
11.8.
Military Manuals and cultural property
228
11.9.
Participation in the treaties
229
11.10.
Customary law protection of cultural property
229
11.11.
Implications for the targeteer
230
12.
Objects Entitled to Special Protection
232
12.1.
Introduction
232
12.2.
Civilian medical units
233
12.3.
Hospital ships, sick-bays, other medical ships and craft
234
12.4.
Medical units and establishments
235
12.5.
Medical transports
236
12.5.1.
Medical aircraft
236
12.6.
Civil airliners---the AMW provisions
240
12.6.1.
Civilian airliners---the San Remo Manual provisions
242
12.7.
Cultural objects
243
12.8.
Aircraft granted safe conduct
244
12.9.
Works and installations containing dangerous forces
245
12.10.
natural environment
250
12.11.
Civil defence
250
12.12.
Other persons or items for which special protection appears to be claimed
252
12.13.
Conclusion
252
pt. IV
WEAPONS AND TECHNOLOGIES
13.
Weapons
255
13.1.
Introduction
255
13.2.
Historical evolution of the law of weaponry
256
13.3.
Superfluous injury and unnecessary suffering
258
13.4.
Indiscriminate weapons
260
13.5.
Geneva Gas Protocol 1925
260
13.6.
Weapons and the environment
261
13.7.
Conventional Weapons Convention 1980
261
13.7.1.
Weapons prohibited under CCW
262
13.8.
Customary status of CCW Protocol rules
264
13.9.
Ottawa Convention 1997
264
13.10.
Chemical weapons
265
13.11.
Bacteriological or biological weapons
267
13.12.
Cluster munitions
268
13.13.
Application of weapons law in non-international armed conflict
270
13.14.
Treaty law restrictions on the use of certain weapons
270
13.15.
Non-lethal weapons
273
13.16.
Conclusion
274
14.
Intelligence Gathering and Targeting Using Particular Technologies
275
14.1.
Introduction
275
14.2.
Intelligence gathering
275
14.3.
Intelligence gathering, reconnaissance, and communications using UAVs
280
14.4.
marking of UAVs
280
14.5.
Firing weapons from UAVs
281
14.6.
UAVs firing weapons autonomously
282
14.7.
Civilian involvement in UAV operations
287
14.8.
Directed energy attacks
288
14.9.
Nuclear attack
290
14.9.1.
International Court of Justice Advisory Opinion
293
14.9.2.
UK position
295
14.9.3.
Nuclear disarmament
296
14.10.
Nanotechnology and the challenges posed by advances in technology
296
pt. V
SPECIFIC DOMAINS
15.
Maritime Targeting
301
15.1.
Introduction
301
15.2.
Early treaty law regulating maritime targeting
301
15.3.
obligations of neutral powers in naval warfare
306
15.4.
Submarine warfare---the early law
307
15.5.
Littoral targeting and API
309
15.6.
Submarine warfare, the modern law
310
15.7.
Other conventional law applying to naval warfare
311
15.8.
right to participate in hostilities at sea
312
15.9.
San Remo Manual 1994---the basic rules
312
15.10.
San Remo Manual---exemption from attack
315
15.11.
Vessels exempt from attack
315
15.12.
Aircraft exempt from attack
317
15.13.
Other enemy vessels and aircraft
317
15.14.
San Remo Manual---attacking neutral vessels and aircraft
318
15.15.
San Remo Manual---precautions in attack
319
15.16.
Weapons in naval warfare
320
15.16.1.
Missiles and other projectiles
320
15.16.2.
Torpedoes
320
15.16.3.
Mines
321
15.17.
Ruses and perfidy in naval warfare
322
16.
Air and Missile Targeting
324
16.1.
brief historical background
324
16.1.1.
Application of API to the air domain
326
16.2.
Some introductory remarks
328
16.3.
What is airspace and how does sovereignty apply within it?
328
16.3.1.
Divisions of airspace and freedom of navigation
329
16.3.2.
Zones of airspace and their significance
330
16.3.3.
Exclusion zones, war zones, and no-fly zones
331
16.4.
Aircraft, UAVs, missiles, and military aircraft
333
16.5.
Civil and State aircraft under the Chicago Convention
335
16.6.
Movement of military aircraft through airspace
336
16.7.
Status of crews of military aircraft
336
16.8.
Persons parachuting from aircraft in distress
337
16.9.
Weapons, methods, and means of aerial warfare
338
16.9.1.
Air-to-surface weapons
339
16.9.2.
Air-to-air and ground-to-air weapons
339
16.10.
Ground attack
340
16.11.
Surrender of, and to, aircraft
342
16.12.
Interception, inspection, and diversion of neutral civil aircraft
344
16.13.
Capture of neutral civil aircraft and goods
345
16.14.
Capture of enemy civil aircraft and goods
347
16.15.
Protected, and specially protected, aircraft
348
16.16.
Application of the fundamental targeting principles to duties of those on the ground
349
16.17.
What is direct participation in air hostilities?
351
16.18.
legal use of less sophisticated technologies
357
16.19.
Conclusion
358
17.
Targeting and Outer Space
359
17.1.
Introduction
359
17.2.
Application of targeting law to outer space
360
17.3.
Meaning of outer space
362
17.4.
treaty regime in outer space
363
17.5.
Application of law of armed conflict rules to space
369
17.6.
Anti-satellite attack methods
371
17.7.
space debris problem
372
17.8.
Weapons law in space
374
17.9.
Summary
376
17.10.
Civilian involvement in space operations
377
17.11.
Conclusion
377
18.
Cyber Targeting
378
18.1.
Some preliminary definitions
378
18.2.
Applicability of the law of armed conflict to cyber hostilities
381
18.3.
Cyber attacks
383
18.4.
Application of API to cyber attacks
387
18.5.
Applying the rules to cyber operations
388
18.5.1.
Is the proposed target system a military objective?
390
18.5.2.
Discrimination, proportionality, and target selection
390
18.5.3.
DDOS attack using botnet
391
18.5.4.
Intelligence gathering via a targeted Trojan---planting a kill-switch in the process
393
18.5.5.
`Man-in-the-middle' attack
394
18.5.6.
Denial of service attack via system logic
395
18.5.7.
Compromised supply chain
396
18.5.8.
Masquerade
396
18.5.9.
Cyber attacks on objects entitled to special protection
397
18.5.10.
Perfidy and espionage
399
18.6.
Who has the right to participate in cyber hostilities?
400
pt. VI
PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF CONTEMPORARY TARGETING
19.
Prosecution of Difficult Targets
405
19.1.
Introduction
405
19.2.
Fighting in built-up areas (FIBUA)
406
19.3.
Objectives containing dangerous substances
414
19.4.
Shielding of military objectives
419
19.5.
Airliners in flight
422
19.6.
Civilians taking a direct part in hostilities
426
19.7.
Conclusion
427
20.
Non-International Armed Conflict
429
20.1.
Introduction
429
20.2.
Common Article 3
432
20.3.
Combatant status and the notion of fighters
433
20.4.
APII protection of wounded, sick, and shipwrecked
434
20.5.
APII protection of the civilian population
436
20.6.
APII protection of objects indispensable to the survival of the civilian population
437
20.7.
APII protection of works and installations containing dangerous forces
438
20.8.
APII protection of cultural objects and of places of worship
439
20.9.
Prohibition of forced movement of civilians
440
20.10.
Customary rules of targeting in NIAC
440
20.10.1.
principle of distinction in NIAC
441
20.10.2.
Indiscriminate attacks
442
20.10.3.
Proportionality
443
20.10.4.
Precautions in attack
443
20.10.5.
Means of combat
445
20.11.
General NIAC targeting rules
447
20.12.
War crimes in NIAC
450
20.13.
Conclusion
453
21.
Internal Security, Insurgency, and Operations Short of War
455
21.1.
Introduction
455
21.2.
Domestic law on the use of force
457
21.2.1.
UK domestic law on the use of force
458
21.2.2.
US domestic law on the use of force
459
21.3.
Human rights law and security situations
461
21.4.
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
466
21.5.
United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights
468
21.6.
Lawfulness of weapons in internal security operations
468
21.7.
Insurgency
469
21.8.
Military aid to the civil power
470
21.9.
Conclusions
470
pt. VII
TARGETING LAW CHALLENGES AND COMPLIANCE
22.
How States Implement the Distinction Principle
475
22.1.
Introduction
475
22.2.
Targeting procedures
475
22.3.
Rules of engagement
480
22.4.
Disciplined forces
481
22.5.
Military manuals
483
22.6.
Military training
483
22.7.
Legal advice
484
22.8.
International jurisdiction
485
22.9.
Other measures
486
22.10.
Conclusion
488
23.
Challenge to the Distinction Principle---Effects Based Warfare
489
23.1.
Introduction
489
23.2.
Challenges to the contemporary law of targeting
491
23.3.
Revalidating the contemporary law
494
23.4.
Is the `effects based' approach new and does it justify new rules?
496
23.5.
Stretching the definition of `military objective' to accommodate `effects based' targeting
501
23.6.
purpose of the attack
503
23.7.
meaning of `military advantage'
506
23.8.
Can `effects based' accommodate to the existing law?
506
23.9.
Applying the emerging principle
509
23.10.
Conclusion
511
24.
Reprisals, Neutrality, and Other Important Issues
512
24.1.
Reprisals defined
512
24.2.
purpose of reprisals
513
24.3.
UK's declared position on reprisals
514
24.4.
Unlawful reprisals
515
24.5.
Reprisal use of unlawful weapons
516
24.6.
Reprisals under the law of war crimes
518
24.7.
Neutrality and targeting
519
24.8.
UN Charter and neutrality
521
24.9.
Application of human rights law in armed conflict
521
24.10.
degree of force that may be used in armed conflict
525
24.11.
Assassination operations in furtherance of armed conflict
527
24.12.
Targeted killing
530
24.13.
Perfidy, emblems, and ruses
532
24.14.
Espionage
534
24.15.
Mercenaries
535
24.16.
Denial of quarter
536
24.17.
Safeguarding of an enemy hors de combat
536
24.18.
Journalists
537
24.19.
UN personnel and diplomatic staffs
538
24.20.
Humanitarian relief
539
25.
When Things Go Wrong
540
25.1.
Introduction
540
25.2.
Compensation under LOAC when things go wrong
542
25.3.
Criminal liability when things go wrong
544
25.4.
Is technical inferiority a defence under the law of armed conflict?
547
25.5.
Is there a duty to investigate under the law of armed conflict?
548
25.6.
Human rights law and investigations of deaths
548
25.7.
Investigations by NGOs
549
pt. VIII
CONCLUSION
26.
Is the Law of Targeting Adequate and Does it Have a Future?
553
26.1.
Introduction
553
26.2.
Does the spectrum of conflict make sense?
553
26.3.
Is the law fit for purpose---effects based warfare?
555
26.4.
Is the law fit for purpose---asymmetric warfare and suicide bombing?
556
26.5.
Is the law fit for purpose---wider role of civilians in armed conflict?
560
26.6.
Is the law fit for purpose---technological advances in warfare?
561
26.7.
Law and the future nature of warfare
563
26.8.
future without war
564
26.9.
Concluding remarks
565
Bibliography
567
Index
583