Status and treatment of deserters in international armed conflicts / by Heike Niebergall-Lackner.
2016
K4746.D47 N54 2016 (Map It)
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Title
Status and treatment of deserters in international armed conflicts / by Heike Niebergall-Lackner.
Published
Leiden : Brill Nijhoff, 2016.
Call Number
K4746.D47 N54 2016
ISBN
9789004308831 (hardback ; alk. paper)
9004308830 (hardback ; alk. paper)
9004308830 (hardback ; alk. paper)
Description
xiv, 274 pages ; 25 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)928615195
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Available in Other Form
Online version: Niebergall-Lackner, Heike, author. Status and treatment of deserters in international armed conflicts. Leiden : Brill Nijhoff, 2016 9789004308848 (DLC) 2015045122
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements
xi
Introduction
xii
1.
Denning Desertion
1
A.
When Soldiers Stop Fighting
1
B.
Desertion in Domestic Military Law
4
I.
Definitions of the Military Offence
5
II.
Punishment Ranges
14
III.
Summary
17
C.
Desertion in the Context of International Law
19
I.
International and Multinational Forces
19
II.
Desertion in International Law Literature
20
III.
Summary
22
D.
Use and Meaning of the Term Desertion in the Present Study
23
2.
Deserter and His or Her Home Country
24
A.
Desertion in Past Conflicts -- A History of Severe Punishment and Reluctant Forgiveness
24
I.
Punishment of Deserters
24
1.
German Deserters during World War II
25
2.
Soviet Deserters during World War II
28
3.
U.S. Deserters during World War II
28
4.
Contemporary Conflicts
30
II.
Acts of Clemency
30
1.
Amnesties
31
2.
Pardons
47
3.
Clemency Denied
48
III.
Legal Rehabilitation
51
1.
Rehabilitation of Wehrmacht Deserters
52
2.
Rehabilitation of Deserters of the Nationale Volksarmee
55
3.
Dutch Deserters during the Indonesian War of Independence
59
IV.
Summary
60
B.
Contemporary Standards of International Law and their Impact on the Punishment of Deserters
62
I.
Procedural Guarantees for Criminal Trials
65
1.
Prohibition of Extra-judicial Executions
65
2.
Right to a Fair Trial
66
3.
Derogation in Time of War
70
4.
Summary
74
II.
Right to Conscientious Objection to Military Service
75
1.
Recognition of a Right to Conscientious Objection
76
2.
Impact on the Right to Punish Deserters
86
3.
Summary
88
III.
International Criminal Law
88
1.
Liability for Crimes under International Law
89
2.
Disobedience to Unlawful Orders in National Military Law
101
3.
Paradigm of a Legitimate Desertion Under International Law
107
4.
Summary
114
IV.
Conclusion
115
3.
Deserter and the Enemy Party
117
A.
Treatment in Past Conflicts -- Contempt, Strategic Use and Cautious Solidarity
120
I.
Prisoner of War Status
121
1.
Deserters Who Crossed over to, or were Captured by the Enemy
121
2.
Defectors Who were Re-captured by their Home Country
122
II.
Use of Enemy Deserters in the Military Forces
123
III.
Repatriation of Deserters
126
1.
Repatriation after World War I
127
2.
Repatriation of Allied and Russian Prisoners of War after World War II
129
3.
Repatriation of Wehrmacht Deserters
131
IV.
Summary
133
B.
Protection of Deserters under Contemporary International Humanitarian Law
134
1.
Deserter's Legal Status under International Humanitarian Law
136
1.
Primary Status after Desertion
136
2.
Secondary Status when in Enemy Hands
137
3.
Summary
146
III.
Rights and Obligations of the Enemy Party with Regard to the Deserter
148
1.
Use in Enemy Forces
149
2.
Criminal Prosecution
152
3.
Internment and Other Security Measures
154
4.
Notification of the Deserter's Home Country
155
5.
Transfer to Another Power
157
6.
Repatriation
158
7.
Prohibition of Refoulement Under International Human Rights Law
163
8.
Treatment Afforded to Women Deserters
172
III.
Conclusion
174
4.
Deserter in a Country of Refuge
177
A.
Deserter as a Beneficiary of International Protection
177
I.
Territorial Asylum
179
1.
Right to Grant Asylum
179
2.
Duty to Grant Asylum
180
II.
Refugee Status According to the Geneva Refugee Convention
181
1.
Well-founded Fear of Persecution
182
2.
Persecution Related to Convention Grounds
202
3.
Exclusion on the Basis of Article 1 F of the Geneva Refugee Convention
205
4.
Summary
206
III.
Refugee Protection at a Regional Level -the European Example
207
1.
Limitation to Third-country Nationals
209
2.
Well-founded Fear of Persecution
210
3.
Shepherd Case
212
IV.
Complementary or Subsidiary Protection
219
1.
Subsidiary Protection Status
219
2.
Temporary Protection Status
221
V.
Prohibition of Refoulement
223
1.
Non-refoulement under the Geneva Refugee Convention
224
2.
Prohibition of Refoulement at the Regional Level
227
3.
Non-refoulement in a Human Rights Context
228
4.
Non-refoulement as a Principle of Customary International Law
229
VI.
Conclusion
230
B.
Obligations under the Law of Neutrality
232
I.
Duty to Intern Foreign Troops
233
II.
Summary
234
C.
Extradition of a Deserter to His Home Country
234
I.
Duty to Extradite
235
II.
Principles of Extradition Law
236
1.
Military-offence Exception
238
2.
Political-offence Exception
240
3.
Death-penalty Exception
245
III.
Conclusions Regarding the Obligation to Extradite
246
5.
Conclusion and Outlook
248
Bibliography
255
Index of Cases
270
Index
272