The international law of the sea / Donald R. Rothwell and Tim Stephens.
2016
KZA1145 .R68 2016 (Map It)
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Title
The international law of the sea / Donald R. Rothwell and Tim Stephens.
Published
Oxford ; Portland, Oregon : Hart Publishing, 2016.
Call Number
KZA1145 .R68 2016
Edition
Second edition.
ISBN
9781782256847 (pbk. : alk. paper)
1782256849 (pbk. : alk. paper)
9781782256854 (ebk.)
1782256849 (pbk. : alk. paper)
9781782256854 (ebk.)
Description
xlviii, 553 pages ; 25 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)927192282
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Available in Other Form
Online version: Rothwell, Donald, 1959- author. International law of the sea Second edition. Oxford ; Portland, Oregon : Hart Publishing, 2016 9781782256854 (DLC) 2015042683
Record Appears in
Added Author
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements
v
Preface to the Second Edition
vii
List of Abbreviations
xxiii
List of Tables and Figures
xxvii
Table of Cases
xxix
Table of Treaties
xxxv
1.
History and Sources of the International Law of the Sea
1
I.
Introduction
1
II.
Historical Development of the International Law of the Sea
2
A.
Grotian View of the Oceans
3
B.
Freedom of the Sea and Territorial Sea Claims
4
C.
1930 Hague Conference
4
D.
Truman Proclamation
5
III.
Work of the International Law Commission
6
IV.
First United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea and the Geneva Conventions
6
V.
Second United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea
9
VI.
Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea
10
A.
Claims to New Maritime Zones in the 1960s
10
B.
Regime of the Deep Seabed
11
C.
UNCLOS III Conference Dynamics
12
D.
United States Position on Common Heritage and the Deep Seabed
14
VII.
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
14
A.
Core Provisions
15
B.
Entry into Force
18
C.
1994 Implementing Agreement
18
D.
1995 Fish Stocks Agreement
19
VIII.
Institutional Frameworks
20
IX.
Sources of the International Law of the Sea
22
A.
Customary International Law
22
B.
Treaties and Conventions
23
C.
Unilateral Declarations
24
D.
Subsidiary Sources of Law
24
E.
Soft Law
24
X.
Challenges for the International Law of the Sea
25
A.
Climate Change and Ocean Acidification
25
B.
Marine Environmental Security
26
C.
Creeping Jurisdiction
27
XI.
Review and Reform of the International Law of the Sea
27
XII.
Further Reading
29
2.
Coastal Waters
30
I.
Introduction
30
II.
History
31
III.
Baselines
33
A.
Anglo-Norwegian Fisheries Case
33
B.
International Law Commission
35
i.
International Law Commission Draft Articles
35
C.
UNCLOS I
37
D.
Convention on the Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone
38
E.
Post-UNCLOS I State Practice
39
F.
LOSC
40
IV.
Key Issues in the Delimitation of Coastal Waters
42
A.
Low-Water
42
B.
Straight Baselines
44
C.
Low-Tide Elevations
46
D.
Juridical Bays
48
E.
Historic Bays
49
F.
Contemporary State Practice
51
V.
Internal Waters
53
A.
Views of the ILC
53
B.
Convention on the Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone
54
C.
LOSC
54
D.
State Practice
55
i.
Territorial Sovereign Rights and Internal Waters
56
ii.
Port Access
57
iii.
Jurisdiction over Foreign Ships in Port
58
VI.
Further Reading
59
3.
Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone
60
I.
Introduction
60
II.
Territorial Sea in Customary International Law
61
III.
Codification of the Territorial Sea
63
A.
Views of the International Associations
63
B.
International Law Commission
64
C.
UNCLOS I
65
D.
Convention on the Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone
66
E.
UNCLOS II
68
F.
State Practice
69
IV.
UNCLOS III and the LOSC
70
V.
Contemporary Territorial Sea in State Practice
73
A.
Breadth of the Territorial Sea
73
B.
Sovereignty and Jurisdiction
75
C.
Innocent and Transit Passage
78
VI.
Contiguous Zone
79
A.
ILC
80
B.
UNCLOS I and the Geneva Convention
80
C.
UNCLOS III and the LOSC
81
D.
State Practice
82
VII.
Further Reading
84
4.
Exclusive Economic Zone
85
I.
Introduction
85
II.
Concept of the EEZ
86
III.
Breadth of the EEZ and its Relationship with Other Maritime Zones
88
IV.
Coastal State Rights and Obligations in the EEZ
90
A.
Sovereign Rights
91
i.
Living Resources
91
ii.
Non-Living Resources
92
B.
Jurisdictional Rights
94
i.
Artificial Islands, Installations and Structures
94
ii.
Marine Scientific Research
96
iii.
Marine Environmental Protection
96
V.
Rights and Duties of Other States in the EEZ
97
A.
Navigation and Overflight
97
i.
Environmental Security
98
ii.
Military Security
99
B.
Submarine Cables and Pipelines
101
VI.
Further Reading
101
5.
Continental Shelf
102
I.
Introduction
102
II.
Truman Proclamation
104
III.
UNCLOS I and the Geneva Convention
106
A.
Work of the International Law Commission
106
B.
Convention on the Continental Shelf
109
C.
North Sea Continental Shelf Cases
110
IV.
UNCLOS III
112
V.
LO SC
114
A.
Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf
116
B.
Rights and Duties of Coastal and Other States
123
C.
Relationship with the EEZ Regime
125
VI.
Further Reading
126
6.
Deep Seabed
127
I.
Introduction
127
II.
Deep Seabed: Environment and Resources
128
III.
Early Debates: Sedentary Fisheries and the Deep Seabed
132
IV.
Moratorium Resolution and Principles Resolution
133
V.
UNCLOS III
136
A.
Reciprocating States Regime
139
VI.
LOSC and 1994 Agreement
139
A.
Main Revisions in the 1994 Agreement
141
VII.
International Seabed Authority and the Seabed Mining System
142
A.
ISA
142
i.
Assembly
144
ii.
Council
144
B.
Seabed Disputes Chamber and the Seabed Mining Advisory Opinion
145
i.
Recent Activities of the ISA and the Mining Code
147
C.
Utilising the Deep Seabed Mining Regime
150
VIII.
Further Reading
153
7.
High Seas
154
I.
Introduction
154
A.
High Seas as a Managed Common Area
155
II.
Historical Development of the High Seas
156
A.
Pre-Grotian Freedoms of the High Seas
156
B.
Grotian Vision of the High Seas
156
C.
High Seas in Customary International Law
157
i.
Jurisdiction Over Vessels on the High Seas
158
III.
Codification of the High Seas Regime
160
A.
Pre-Geneva Codifications
160
B.
Work of the ILC
161
C.
UNCLOS I
161
D.
UNCLOS III
162
IV.
LOSC and the High Seas
163
A.
Freedom of the High Seas
164
i.
Freedom of Navigation
164
ii.
Freedom of Overflight
165
iii.
Freedom to Lay Submarine Cables and Pipelines
165
iv.
Freedom to Construct Artificial Islands and Other Installations
166
v.
Freedom of Fishing
166
vi.
Freedom of Scientific Research
167
B.
Shipping
167
i.
Nationality of Ships
168
ii.
Duties of the Flag State
169
iii.
Immunities
170
iv.
Collisions
170
v.
Assistance to Persons at Sea
170
C.
Prohibitions
171
i.
Piracy
171
ii.
Slavery
173
iii.
Drug Trafficking
174
iv.
Unauthorised Broadcasting
175
D.
Enforcement
175
E.
Conservation and Management of High Seas Living Resources and Biodiversity
177
i.
Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction
177
F.
Relationship with Other Maritime Zones
178
V.
Further Reading
179
8.
Archipelagic States
180
I.
Archipelagos and International Law
180
II.
Early Codifications
182
III.
UNCLOS I
183
IV.
Indonesian and Philippines Claims
185
A.
Indonesia
185
B.
Philippines
187
V.
UNCLOS III
189
VI.
LOSC and Archipelagic States
191
A.
Archipelagic States
191
B.
Archipelagic Baselines
193
C.
Legal Status of Archipelagic Waters
195
D.
Archipelagic State Practice
197
i.
Proclaimed Archipelagic States
198
ii.
Archipelagic State Rights Over Archipelagic Waters
201
VII.
Further Reading
202
9.
Landlocked and Geographically Disadvantaged States
203
I.
Introduction
203
II.
Landlocked States and Access to the Sea
206
A.
Early Developments
206
B.
UNCLOS I
208
C.
Post-UNCLOS I Developments
209
D.
LOSC
210
III.
Landlocked States and Rights of Navigation
213
IV.
Landlocked and Geographically Disadvantaged States and Marine Resources
215
A.
Living Resources of the EEZ
216
B.
Living Resources of the High Seas
218
C.
Mineral Resources of the Area
218
D.
Marine Scientific Research and Transfer of Marine Technology
218
V.
Further Reading
219
10.
Navigational Rights and Freedoms
220
I.
Freedom of the Seas and Navigational Rights and Freedoms
220
A.
Traditional Interests
220
B.
Contemporary Interests
221
II.
Customary International Law Prior to UNCLOS I
222
A.
Early State Practice
222
B.
Corfu Channel Case
224
III.
UNCLOS I and the Geneva Conventions
225
A.
Work of the International Law Commission
225
B.
UNCLOS I
227
IV.
UNCLOS III and the LOSC
228
V.
Territorial Sea
229
A.
Coastal State Rights in the Territorial Sea
229
B.
Right of Innocent Passage
230
C.
Coastal State Rights and Duties Regarding Innocent Passage
233
i.
Prevention of Passage
233
ii.
Regulation of Passage
234
iii.
Obligation not to Hamper Innocent Passage
235
iv.
Sea Lanes and Traffic Separation Schemes
236
D.
Rights of Foreign Flagged Vessels
237
E.
Warships
237
F.
Nuclear Vessels and Vessels Carrying Hazardous Substances
238
G.
Vessels in Distress
239
VI.
High Seas
240
VII.
Exclusive Economic Zone
242
VIII.
Further Reading
244
11.
International Straits and Archipelagic Navigation
245
I.
Recognising Rights of Navigation Through Straits
245
A.
Corfu Channel Case
246
B.
ILC and UNCLOS I
247
II.
UNCLOS III Deliberations and the LOSC
249
A.
Straits Regime
249
B.
Archipelagic Regime
250
III.
International Straits
251
A.
Categories of Straits
251
B.
Regime of Transit Passage
255
i.
Act of Transit
255
ii.
Duties of Ships and Aircraft in Transit
255
iii.
Obligations of Strait States
256
iv.
Regulation of Transit Passage
258
v.
Enforcement of Strait State Laws and Regulations
259
C.
Navigation in Specific International Straits
260
i.
Turkish Straits
260
ii.
Strait of Gibraltar
261
iii.
Straits of Malacca and Singapore
262
iv.
Torres Strait
263
v.
Bering Strait
266
IV.
Archipelagic Navigation
268
A.
Innocent Passage Within Archipelagic Waters
269
B.
Archipelagic Sea Lanes Passage
270
i.
Navigation in the 'Normal Mode'
271
ii.
Navigation within Archipelagic Sea Lanes
271
iii.
Designation of Archipelagic Sea Lanes
272
iv.
Obligations while Undertaking Archipelagic Sea Lanes Passage
273
v.
Obligations of the Archipelagic State
274
C.
State Practice Designating Archipelagic Sea Lanes
275
V.
Further Reading
277
12.
Military Uses of the Oceans
278
I.
Introduction
278
II.
Historical Overview
279
III.
International Law and Naval Operations
280
A.
Law of Naval Warfare
280
B.
United Nations-Sanctioned Naval Operations
282
IV.
Codification of the Law of the Sea
283
A.
Work of the International Law Commission
284
B.
UNCLOS I and the Geneva Conventions
285
C.
UNCLOS III and the LOSC
286
V.
Navigational Rights and Freedoms
287
A.
Innocent Passage by Warships
289
B.
Transit Passage by Warships
292
C.
Archipelagic Sea Lanes Passage by Warships
295
D.
EEZ Navigation by Warships
296
i.
Military Survey Activities
296
VI.
Naval Operations at Sea
297
A.
United Nations Sanctioned Interdictions
297
B.
Proliferation Security Initiative
299
C.
Weapons Testing and Military Manoeuvres
300
D.
Demilitarised and Nuclear Free Zones
302
VII.
Overflight by Military Aircraft
303
A.
Air Defence Identification Zones
305
VIII.
Further Reading
306
13.
Marine Resource Management
308
I.
Introduction
308
II.
Non-Living Marine Resources
310
A.
Resource Potential
310
B.
Internal Waters and Territorial Sea
311
C.
Continental Shelf and Exclusive Economic Zone
311
D.
High Seas and Deep Seabed
312
E.
Joint Development
313
III.
Living Resources
315
A.
Fisheries and the 'Tragedy of the Commons'
315
B.
Pre-LOSC Developments
315
C.
1958 Geneva Conventions
318
D.
LOSC Regime
320
i.
Internal Waters, the Territorial Sea and Archipelagic Waters
321
ii.
Exclusive Economic Zone
321
iii.
Continental Shelf
328
iv.
High Seas
328
v.
Deep Seabed
331
E.
Species-Specific Rules
332
i.
Highly Migratory Species
332
ii.
Marine Mammals
332
iii.
Anadromous Species
336
iv.
Catadromous Species
336
F.
Post-LOSC Developments
337
i.
High Seas Fishing
337
ii.
Fish Stocks Agreement
340
iii.
Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction
344
IV.
Further Reading
345
14.
Marine Scientific Research
346
I.
Introduction
346
II.
Development of the Regime for Marine Scientific Research
348
A.
Early History of Marine Scientific Research
348
B.
Marine Scientific Research and North-South Tensions in the Post-WW II Period
349
C.
Pre-LOSC Regime for Marine Scientific Research
349
III.
LOSC Regime for Marine Scientific Research
351
A.
General Provisions
351
B.
Internal Waters, Archipelagic Waters and the Territorial Sea
353
C.
Continental Shelf and Exclusive Economic Zone
354
i.
Hydrographic Surveying
357
ii.
Scientific Research Installations and Equipment
358
D.
High Seas
360
E.
Deep Seabed
360
IV.
Marine Scientific Research Under Other Regimes
361
V.
Coastal State Legislation Concerning Marine Scientific Research
363
VI.
Further Reading
364
15.
Marine Environmental Protection
365
I.
Introduction
365
II.
Sources and Type of Marine Pollution
366
III.
Legal Framework: LOSC and Regional Treaties
369
A.
LOSC
369
B.
Regional Treaties
372
IV.
Operational Vessel-Source Pollution
376
A.
Operational and Accidental Vessel Pollution Distinguished
376
B.
LOSC and the IMO
376
C.
International Standards
377
D.
MARPOL Jurisdictional Framework
381
i.
Flag States
381
ii.
Port States
381
E.
LOSC Jurisdictional Framework
382
i.
Flag States
382
ii.
Port States
383
iii.
Coastal States
384
iv.
Enforcement Jurisdiction
385
V.
Accidental Vessel-Source Pollution
386
A.
Safety of Shipping
387
i.
SOLAS
387
ii.
Qualifications and Working Conditions for Seafarers
388
iii.
Preventing Collisions at Sea
389
VI.
Pollution Emergencies
390
A.
Responding to Pollution Emergencies
390
B.
Coastal State Rights of Intervention
391
C.
Role of Salvors
392
VII.
Liability for Vessel-Source Pollution
393
A.
State Responsibility
393
B.
Civil Liability
394
i.
Liability for Oil Pollution Damage
395
ii.
1992 Civil Liability Convention
395
iii.
1992 Fund Convention
397
iv.
Liability for Other Pollution Damage
398
VIII.
Seabed Pollution
399
A.
Territorial Sea, EEZ and Continental Shelf
400
IX.
Dumping at Sea
402
A.
1972 London Convention
402
B.
1996 Protocol
403
C.
Jurisdiction and Enforcement
405
D.
Ship Scrapping and Recycling
406
E.
Regional Agreements
406
X.
Land-Based and Atmospheric Pollution
407
A.
1995 Global Programme of Action
409
XI.
Further Reading
411
16.
Delimitation of Maritime Boundaries
412
I.
Introduction
412
A.
Grisbadarna Arbitration
414
B.
Influence of Boggs
414
II.
Work of the International Law Commission
415
III.
Codification of the Law
417
A.
Convention on the Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone
417
B.
Convention on the Continental Shelf
417
IV.
Early Cases
418
A.
North Sea Continental Shelf Cases
419
B.
Anglo-French Arbitration
420
V.
LOSC
421
VI.
ICJ and Maritime Boundary Delimitation
422
VII.
Principles of Maritime Boundary Delimitation
427
A.
Delimitation Methodology
427
i.
Territorial Sea
428
ii.
EEZ, Continental Shelf and Single Maritime Boundaries
429
iii.
Delimitation Beyond 200 nm
429
iv.
'Grey Zones'
431
B.
Territorial Sea Delimitations
431
C.
Equitable Solution/Equitable Result
433
D.
Equidistance and Median Lines
433
E.
Relevant and Special Circumstances
434
i.
Special Circumstances
435
ii.
Relevant Circumstances
436
iii.
Islands
437
iv.
Fishing
439
v.
Oil Concessions
440
F.
Single Maritime Boundaries
440
VIII.
Maritime Boundary Delimitation by Agreement
441
A.
Settled Maritime Boundaries
441
B.
Joint Development Zones
442
IX.
Further Reading
444
17.
Maritime Regulation and Enforcement
445
I.
Introduction
445
II.
International Law Regarding Enforcement Powers at Sea
447
A.
Hot Pursuit
448
i.
Case Law
449
ii.
State Practice
449
iii.
Multilateral Hot Pursuit
450
B.
Use of Force
451
i.
LOSC and the Use of Force
452
ii.
General Principles Regarding the Use of Force at Sea During Peacetime
453
III.
Enforcement Operations Within Particular Maritime Zones
455
A.
Internal Waters
456
B.
Territorial Sea
457
i.
Criminal Jurisdiction
458
ii.
Civil Jurisdiction
458
iii.
Territorial Sea of an International Strait
459
C.
Archipelagic Waters
459
D.
Contiguous Zone
460
E.
EEZ
462
i.
Matters Subject to EEZ Sovereign Rights
462
ii.
Matters Subject to EEZ Jurisdiction
463
F.
Continental Shelf
464
G.
High Seas
465
IV.
Specialist Regimes Relating to Maritime Regulation and Enforcement
466
A.
Piracy
466
B.
Maritime Terrorism and Related Unlawful Acts
468
C.
Fisheries
469
D.
Transnational Crime
470
V.
Further Reading
472
18.
Dispute Settlement in the Law of the Sea
473
I.
Introduction
473
II.
Dispute Settlement in International Law: General Mechanisms
474
III.
Dispute Settlement in the Law of the Sea: Pre-LOSC Developments
477
A.
ILC Draft Articles on the Law of the Sea
477
B.
UNCLOS I
478
C.
UNCLOS III
479
IV.
Dispute Settlement Under the LOSC
479
A.
Jurisdictional Conditions
480
B.
Compulsory Dispute Settlement
483
i.
Applicable Law
487
ii.
Provisional Measures
488
iii.
Prompt Release
489
C.
Jurisdictional Limitations and Exceptions
491
D.
ITLOS
494
E.
Annex V Conciliation
499
F.
Annex VII Arbitration
501
G.
Annex VIII Special Arbitration
504
V.
Further Reading
505
19.
Oceans Governance
506
I.
Introduction
506
II.
Concept of Oceans Governance
507
A.
Oceans Governance Defined
507
B.
Ecosystem Approach and Area-Based Management
507
C.
Area-Based Tools for Marine Management
510
D.
Transparent and Participatory Decision-Making Processes
513
E.
Scientific and Other Cross-Disciplinary Influences
514
F.
Normative Influences on Oceans Governance
515
III.
Global Legal Framework for Oceans Governance
516
IV.
Policy Framework for Oceans Governance
518
V.
Norms and Principles of Oceans Governance
520
VI.
Institutions for Oceans Governance
525
VII.
Regional, Sub-regional and National Oceans Governance
529
A.
UNEP Regional Seas Programme
529
B.
European Union
530
C.
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
532
VIII.
Further Reading
533
Index
535