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Items
Details
Author
Title
European constitutional law / Robert Schütze.
Published
Cambridge, United Kingdom : Cambridge University Press, 2016.
Call Number
KJE4445 .S365 2016
Edition
Second edition.
ISBN
9781316503942 (paperback)
1316503941 (paperback)
9781107138865 (hardback)
1107138868 (hardback)
1316503941 (paperback)
9781107138865 (hardback)
1107138868 (hardback)
Description
lxvii, 491 pages : color illustrations ; 25 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)920017318
Summary
"The European Union has existed for over half a century. Having started as the 'Europe of the Six' in a specific industrial sector, the Union today has twenty-seven Member States and acts within almost all areas of social life. The Union's constitutional structures have evolved in parallel with this immense growth. Born as an international organization, the Union has developed into a constitutional Union of States. This new textbook analyses the constitutional law of the European Union after Lisbon in a clear and structured way. Examining the EU through a classic constitutional perspective, it explores all the central themes of the course: from the history and structure of the Union, the powers and procedures of its branches of government, to the rights and remedies of European citizens. A clear three-part structure and numerous illustrations will facilitate understanding. Critical and comprehensive, "-- Provided by publisher.
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
List of Illustrations
xviii
List of Tables
xx
List of Cases
xxi
List of Secondary Law
xlvii
Table of Equivalents
liii
List of Abbreviations
lix
Acknowledgements
lxi
Introduction: European Constitutional Law
lxiii
Part I Constitutional Foundations
1
1.
Constitutional History: From Paris to Lisbon
3
Introduction
3
1.
From Paris to Rome: The European Coal and Steel Community
7
a.
(Supranational) Structure of the ECSC
8
b.
(Failed) European Defence Community
10
2.
From Rome to Maastricht: The European (Economic) Community
12
a.
Normative Supranationalism: The Nature of European Law
13
b.
Decisional Supranationalism: The Governmental Structure
14
c.
Intergovernmental Developments outside the EEC
18
d.
Supranational and Intergovernmental Reforms through the Single European Act
20
3.
From Maastricht to Nice: The (Old) European Union
22
a.
Temple Structure: The Three Pillars of the (Maastricht) Union
23
aa.
First Pillar: The European Communities
24
bb.
Second Pillar: Common Foreign and Security Policy
26
cc.
Third Pillar: Justice and Home Affairs
27
b.
Decade of 'Constitutional Bricolage': Amsterdam and Nice
27
aa.
Amsterdam Treaty: Dividing the Third Pillar
28
bb.
Nice Treaty: Limited Institutional Reform
30
4.
From Nice to Lisbon: The (New) European Union
32
a.
(Failed) Constitutional Treaty: Formal 'Total Revision'
33
b.
Lisbon Treaty: Substantive 'Total Revision'
36
Conclusion
39
Further Reading
41
2.
Constitutional Nature: A Federation of States
43
Introduction
43
1.
American Tradition: Federalism as (Inter)national Law
45
a.
Madisonian Federalism: Three Dimensions
45
b.
'Mixed Constitution' and the Sovereignty Question
48
2.
European Tradition: International versus National Law
50
a.
Conceptual Polarisation: 'Confederation' versus 'Federation'
50
b.
Early Criticism: The European Tradition and the (Missing) Federal Genus
53
3.
European Union in Light of the American Tradition
56
a.
Foundational Dimension: Europe's 'Constitutional Treaties'
56
b.
Institutional Dimension: A European Union of States and People(s)
59
c.
Functional Dimension: The Division of Powers in Europe
61
d.
Overall Classification: The European Union on Federal 'Middle Ground'
62
4.
European Union in Light of the European Tradition
62
a.
Sui Generis 'Theory': The 'Incomparable' European Union
63
b.
International Law Theory: The 'Maastricht Decision'
65
c.
Europe's Statist Tradition Unearthed: Three Constitutional Denials
67
d.
Excursus: Europe's 'Democratic Deficit' as a 'False Problem'?
71
Conclusion
73
Further Reading
76
3.
European Law I: Nature [—] Direct Effect
77
Introduction
77
1.
Primary Union Law: The Effect of the Treaties
82
a.
Direct Effect: From Strict to Lenient Test
84
b.
Dimensions of Direct Effect: Vertical and Horizontal Direct Effect
87
2.
Direct Union Law: Regulations and Decisions
89
a.
Regulations: The 'Legislative' Instrument
89
aa.
General Application in All Member States
90
bb.
Direct Application and Direct Effect
91
b.
Decisions: The Executive Instrument
93
aa.
Specifically Addressed Decisions
93
bb.
Non-addressed Decisions
95
3.
Indirect Union Law: Directives
95
a.
Direct Effect and Directives: Conditions and Limits
96
aa.
No-horizontal-direct-effect Rule
98
bb.
Limitation to the Rule: The Wide Definition of State (Actions)
100
cc.
Exception to the Rule: Incidental Horizontal Direct Effect
101
b.
Indirect Effects through National and (Primary) European Law
103
aa.
Doctrine of Consistent Interpretation of National Law
103
bb.
Indirect Effects through the Medium of European Law
105
4.
External Union Law: International Agreements
109
a.
Conditions of Direct Effect
110
b.
Dimensions of Direct Effect
112
Conclusion
114
Further Reading
115
4.
European Law II: Nature [—] Supremacy/Pre-emption
117
Introduction
117
1.
European Perspective: Absolute Supremacy
118
a.
Absolute Scope of the Supremacy Principle
120
aa.
Supremacy over Internal Laws of the Member States
120
bb.
Supremacy over International Treaties of the Member States
122
b.
'Executive' Nature of Supremacy: Disapplication, Not Invalidation
124
2.
National Perspective: Relative Supremacy
127
a.
Fundamental Rights Limits: The 'So-long' Jurisprudence
129
b.
Competences Limits: From 'Maastricht' to 'Mangold'
131
3.
Legislative Pre-emption: Nature and Effect
134
a.
Pre-emption Categories: The Relative Effects of Pre-emption
134
aa.
Field Pre-emption
135
bb.
Obstacle Pre-emption
136
cc.
Rule Pre-emption
136
b.
Modes of Pre-emption: Express and Implied Pre-emption
137
4.
Constitutional Limits to Legislative Pre-emption
139
a.
Union Instruments and their Pre-emptive Capacity
139
aa.
Pre-emptive Capacity of Regulations
139
bb.
Pre-emptive Capacity of Directives
141
cc.
Pre-emptive Capacity of International Agreements
142
b.
Excursus: Competence Limits to Pre-emption
144
Conclusion
144
Further Reading
146
5.
Governmental Structure: Union Institutions I
147
Introduction
147
1.
'Separation-of-Powers' Principle and the European Union
150
2.
European Parliament
154
a.
Formation: Electing Parliament
155
aa.
Parliament's Size and Composition
156
bb.
Members of the European Parliament and Political Parties
158
b.
Internal Structure: Parliamentary Organs
160
c.
Plenary: Decision-making and Voting
162
d.
Parliamentary Powers
164
aa.
Legislative Powers
164
bb.
Budgetary Powers
165
cc.
Supervisory Powers
166
dd.
Elective Powers
167
3.
European Council
169
a.
President of the European Council
170
b.
European Council: Functions and Powers
172
4.
Council of Ministers
173
a.
Council: Composition and Configuration
173
b.
Internal Structure and Organs
175
aa.
Presidency of the Council
175
bb.
'Coreper' and Specialised Committees
176
cc.
Excursus: The High Representative of Foreign Affairs and Security Policy
178
c.
Decision-making and Voting
179
d.
Functions and Powers
183
6.
Governmental Structure: Union Institutions II
185
1.
Commission
185
a.
Composition and Structure
186
aa.
President and 'his' College
187
bb.
Commission's Administrative Organs
190
b.
Decision-making within the Commission
190
c.
Functions and Powers of the Commission
192
d.
Excursus: European Agencies and the Commission
195
aa.
European Agencies: Functions
196
bb.
European Agencies: Structure
197
2.
Court of Justice of the European Union
198
a.
Judicial Architecture: The European Court System
198
aa.
Court of Justice: Composition and Structure
199
bb.
General Court: Composition and Structure
201
cc.
Excursus: The Advocates General
202
dd.
'Specialised Court(s)': The Civil Service Tribunal
203
b.
Judicial Procedure(s)
204
c.
Judicial Reasoning: Methods of Interpretation
206
d.
Jurisdiction and Judicial Powers
207
3.
European Central Bank
209
a.
Special Status of the ECB
209
b.
Organs and Administrative Structure
211
c.
Internal Divisions and Decision-making
213
d.
Functions and Powers
214
4.
Court of Auditors
216
Conclusion
218
Further Reading
219
Part II Governmental Powers
221
7.
Legislative Powers: Competences and Procedures
223
Introduction
223
1.
Scope of Union Competences
224
a.
Teleological Interpretation
225
b.
General Competences of the Union
229
aa.
Harmonisation Competence: Article 114
229
bb.
Residual Competence: Article 352
231
2.
Categories of Union Competences
235
a.
Exclusive Competences: Article 3
237
b.
Shared Competences: Article 4
238
aa.
General Considerations
238
bb.
Minimum Standard Competences
240
c.
Coordinating Competences: Article 5
241
d.
Complementary Competences: Article 6
242
3.
Legislative Procedures: Ordinary and Special
243
a.
'Ordinary' Legislative Procedure
245
aa.
Constitutional Text: Formal Procedure
245
bb.
Constitutional Practice: Informal Trilogues
249
b.
'Special' Legislative Procedures
251
4.
Principle of Subsidiarity
252
a.
Procedural Standard: Subsidiarity as a Political Safeguard of Federalism
253
b.
Substantive Standard: Subsidiarity as a Judicial Safeguard of Federalism
256
Conclusion
259
Further Reading
261
8.
External Powers: Competences and Procedures
263
Introduction
263
1.
External Competences of the Union
265
a.
Common Foreign and Security Policy
267
b.
Union's Special External Powers
268
c.
'Residual' Treaty Power: From ERTA to Article 216
270
aa.
ERTA and the Doctrine of Implied Powers
270
bb.
Article 216: Codifying ERTA?
272
d.
Relationship between the CFSP and the Special Competences
273
2.
Nature of External Competences
276
a.
Sui Generis Nature of the CFSP Competence
276
b.
Article 3(2): Subsequently Exclusive Treaty Powers
278
aa.
Three Lines of Exclusivity: Codifying Constitutional Practice?
278
bb.
Subsequent Exclusivity: A Critical Analysis
279
3.
External Decision-making Procedures
280
a.
'Specificity' of CFSP Decision-making Procedures
281
aa.
Institutional Actors and Institutional Balance
281
bb.
Voting Arrangements in the Council
282
b.
Union's (Ordinary) Treaty-making Procedure
283
aa.
Initiation and Negotiation
284
bb.
Signing and Conclusion
286
cc.
Modification, Suspension (and Termination)
288
dd.
Union Succession to Member State Agreements
289
4.
Sharing External Power: Constitutional Safeguards of Federalism
290
a.
Mixed Agreements: An International and Political Safeguard
291
b.
Duty of Cooperation: An Internal and Judicial Safeguard
293
aa.
Member States as 'Trustees of the Union'
295
bb.
'Reversed' Subsidiarity: Restrictions on the Exercise of Shared State Power
296
Conclusion
298
Further Reading
300
9.
Executive Powers: Competences and Procedures
302
Introduction
302
1.
Governmental Powers: The Union's Dual Executive
304
a.
Legal Instruments of Political Leadership
305
b.
Informal Procedure(s) of Government
307
2.
Law-making Powers: Delegated and Implementing Acts
309
a.
Delegation of 'Legislative' Power: Article 290
311
aa.
Judicial Safeguards: Constitutional Limits to Delegated Acts
313
bb.
Political Safeguards: Control Rights of the Union Legislator
315
b.
'Conferral' of Executive Power: Article 291
318
aa.
Scope of Article 291
318
bb.
Constitutional Safeguards for Implementing Legislation
321
c.
Excursus: Delegating 'Implementing' Power to Agencies
324
3.
Administrative Powers I: Centralised Enforcement
327
a.
Scope of the Union's Administrative Powers
328
b.
Administrative Powers and the Subsidiarity Principle
331
4.
Administrative Powers II: Decentralised Enforcement
334
a.
Effects of National Administrative Acts
335
b.
National Administrative Autonomy (and its Limits)
336
Conclusion
340
Further Reading
341
10.
Judicial Powers I: (Centralised) European Procedures
343
Introduction
343
1.
Annulment Powers: Judicial Review
347
a.
Existence of a 'Reviewable' Act
349
b.
Legitimate Grounds for Review
350
aa.
'Formal' and 'Substantive' Grounds
351
bb.
In Particular: The Proportionality Principle
352
c.
Legal Standing before the European Court
354
aa.
Rome Formulation and its Judicial Interpretation
355
bb.
Lisbon Formulation and its Interpretative Problems
359
d.
Indirect Review of European Law
363
aa.
Collateral Review: The Plea of Illegality
363
bb.
Indirect Review through Preliminary Rulings
364
2.
Remedial Powers: Liability Actions
365
a.
Procedural Conditions: From Dependent to Independent Action
366
b.
Substantive Conditions: From Schoppenstedt to Bergaderm
368
3.
Adjudicatory Powers I: Enforcement Actions
370
a.
Enforcement Actions against Member States
371
aa.
Procedural Conditions under Article 258
371
bb.
Judicial Enforcement through Financial Sanctions
373
b.
Enforcement Actions against the Union: Failure to Act
375
4.
Adjudicatory Powers II: Preliminary Rulings
377
a.
Paragraph 1: The Jurisdiction of the European Court
378
b.
Paragraph 2: The Conditions for a Preliminary Ruling
380
aa.
'Who': National Courts and Tribunals
380
bb.
'What': Necessary Questions
382
c.
Paragraph 3: The Obligation to Refer and 'Acte Clair'
385
d.
Legal Nature of Preliminary Rulings
388
Conclusion
391
Further Reading
392
11.
Judicial Powers II: (Decentralised) National Procedures
394
Introduction
394
1.
(Consistent) Interpretation Principle
399
2.
Equivalence Principle
401
a.
Non-discrimination: Extending National Remedies to European Actions
401
b.
'Similar' Actions: The Equivalence Test
402
3.
Effectiveness Principle
404
a.
Historical Evolution of the Effectiveness Standard
404
aa.
First Period: Judicial Restraint
405
bb.
Second Period: Judicial Intervention
406
cc.
Third Period: Judicial Balance
408
b.
Procedural Limits to the Invocability of European Law
410
4.
Liability Principle
413
a.
State Liability: The Francovich Doctrine
414
aa.
Three Conditions for State Liability
417
bb.
State Liability for Judicial Breaches of European Law
420
b.
Private Liability: The Courage Doctrine
422
Conclusion
425
Further Reading
426
12.
Judicial Powers III: EU Fundamental Rights
429
Introduction
430
1.
'Unwritten' Bill of Rights: Human Rights as 'General Principles'
431
a.
Birth of EU Fundamental Rights
432
aa.
European Standard [—] An 'Autonomous' Standard
434
bb.
Limitations, and 'Limitations on Limitations'
437
b.
United Nations Law: External Limits to European Human Rights?
439
2.
'Written' Bill of Rights: The Charter of Fundamental Rights
442
a.
Charter: Structure and Content
443
aa.
(Hard) Rights and (Soft) Principles
444
bb.
Limitations, and 'Limitations on Limitations'
446
b.
Relations with the European Treaties (and the European Convention)
448
3.
'External' Bill of Rights: The European Convention on Human Rights
450
a.
Convention Standard for Union Acts
452
aa.
Before Accession: (Limited) Indirect Review of Union Acts
452
bb.
After Accession: (Full) Direct Review of Union Acts
454
b.
Union Accession to the European Convention: Constitutional Preconditions
455
4.
'Incorporation Doctrine': EU Fundamental Rights and National Law
457
a.
Incorporation and General Principles: Implementation and Derogation
457
b.
Incorporation and the Charter of Fundamental Rights
460
aa.
General Rules for All Member States
460
bb.
Special Rules for Poland and the United Kingdom
464
c.
Incorporation and the European Convention on Human Rights?
466
d.
Excursus: Incorporation and Individuals [—] Human Rights and Private Actions
467
Conclusion
468
Further Reading
469
Appendices
471
1.
How to Find the EU Treaties
473
2.
How to Find (and Read) EU Secondary Law
476
3.
How to Find (and Read) EU Court Judgments
479
4.
How to Find EU Academic Resources
483
Index
485