Constitutional law : national power and federalism / Christopher N. May, Allan Ides, Simona Grossi.
2016
KF4550 .M29 2016 (Map It)
Available at Cellar
Formats
| Format | |
|---|---|
| BibTeX | |
| MARCXML | |
| TextMARC | |
| MARC | |
| DublinCore | |
| EndNote | |
| NLM | |
| RefWorks | |
| RIS |
Items
Details
Author
Title
Constitutional law : national power and federalism / Christopher N. May, Allan Ides, Simona Grossi.
Published
New York : Wolters Kluwer, [2016]
Call Number
KF4550 .M29 2016
Edition
Seventh edition.
ISBN
9781454864226
1454864222
1454864222
Description
pages cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)930508995
Record Appears in
Gift
Purchased from the income of the Fisch Fund
Added Author
Gift
The Arthur W. Diamond Law Library
Purchased from the income of the Fisch Fund
Table of Contents
Preface
xxi
Acknowledgments
xxiii
ch. 1
Judicial Review
1
1.1.
Introduction and Overview
1
1.2.
Background of Marbury v. Madison
2
1.2.1.
Independence and the Articles of Confederation
2
1.2.2.
First State Constitutions
3
1.2.3.
Emergence of Judicial Review
5
1.2.4.
Creating a New National Government
6
1.2.5.
Federalist Era, 1789-1801
7
1.2.6.
Republican Assault on the Judiciary
8
1.3.
Marbury v. Madison: Judicial Review of the Coordinate Branches
10
1.3.1.
Judicial Review of Acts of Congress
10
1.3.2.
Judicial Review of Executive Conduct
12
1.3.3.
Constitution as Paramount Law in Court
13
1.3.4.
Marshall's Textual Defense of Judicial Review
14
1.3.5.
Legitimacy of Judicial Review
17
1.4.
Federal Judicial Review of State Conduct
18
1.4.1.
Challenges Initiated in Federal Court
19
1.4.2.
Supreme Court Review of State Judgments
19
1.4.3.
Adequate and Independent State Grounds
22
What Constitutes an "Adequate" State Ground?
23
What Constitutes an "Independent" State Ground?
26
In Case of Doubt: Michigan v. Long
27
Cases Filed in the Federal Courts
31
1.5.
Role of Judicial Review in a Democratic Society
31
1.6.
Debate over Constitutional Interpretation
34
1.6.1.
Interpretivism versus Noninterpretivism
34
1.6.2.
Textualism
36
1.6.3.
Originalism
37
1.6.4.
Nonoriginalism
39
1.6.5.
Approaching Consensus
40
1.6.6.
Sources and Levels of Generality
41
1.7.
Techniques of Constitutional Interpretation
43
1.7.1.
Constitutional Text
44
1.7.2.
Original Intent
44
1.7.3.
Constitutional Structure
46
1.7.4.
History and Tradition
47
1.7.5.
Fairness and Justice
48
1.7.6.
Political Theory
48
1.7.7.
Social Policy
48
1.7.8.
Foreign, International, and State Law
49
1.7.9.
Supreme Court Precedent
50
1.8.
Authoritativeness of Judicial Interpretations
51
1.8.1.
Supreme Court's Interpretations as Law
52
1.8.2.
Binding Effect on Other Courts
54
1.8.3.
Binding Effect on Nonjudicial Officials
55
ch. 2
Congressional Power to Limit the Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and Inferior Federal Courts
63
2.1.
Introduction and Overview
63
2.2.
Power to Make Exceptions to the Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court
65
2.2.1.
Defining the Scope of the Exceptions Power
66
Traditional or Plenary Power View
66
Mandatory Interpretations
66
Historical Practice
67
Precedent
69
2.2.2.
Structural Limits on Exercises of the Exceptions Power
70
2.2.3.
External Limits on Exercises of the Exceptions Power
75
2.2.4.
Comment on Ambiguities in the Jurisprudence of the Exceptions Clause
77
2.3.
Power to Create Article III Courts Inferior to the Supreme Court
77
2.3.1.
Defining the Power to Constitute Inferior Tribunals
78
2.3.2.
Implicit Authority to Regulate Jurisdiction
80
2.3.3.
Structural Limits on the Power to Create Inferior Tribunals
82
2.3.4.
External Limits on the Power to Create Inferior Tribunals
86
2.4.
Power to Create Non-Article III Courts
86
2.4.1.
Argument Against Non-Article III Courts
86
2.4.2.
Justification for Non-Article III Courts
87
2.4.3.
Territorial Courts
88
2.4.4.
Military Courts
89
2.4.5.
Adjunct Courts
89
2.4.6.
Public Rights Exception: Original Form
93
2.4.7.
Public Rights Exception: Modern Form
95
ch. 3
Justiciability
99
3.1.
Introduction and Overview
99
3.2.
Elements of a Case or Controversy
101
3.2.1.
Constitutional Minimum Applied: Advisory Opinions and Collusive Suits
102
3.2.2.
Constitutional Minimum Applied: Declaratory Relief
104
3.2.3.
Constitutional Minimum Applied: Supreme Court Review of State Decisions
105
3.3.
Prudential Considerations: Beyond the Constitutional Minimum
105
3.4.
Standing Doctrine
107
3.4.1.
Injury-in-Fact
108
Problem of Future Harm
114
3.4.2.
Causation
118
3.4.3.
Redressability
121
General Federal and State Taxpayer Standing
125
3.4.4.
Prohibition Against Generalized Grievances
127
Taxpayer Standing and the Establishment Clause
129
3.4.5.
Rule Against Third-Party Standing
132
3.4.6.
Zone of Interests Test
139
3.4.7.
Organizational Standing
141
3.4.8.
Legislative Standing
143
3.4.9.
Curious Cases of United States v. Windsor and Hollingsworth v. Perry
145
3.5.
Timeline of Justiciability: The Ripeness and Moomess Doctrines
149
3.6.
Ripeness Applied
151
3.7.
Mootness Applied, and Variations
154
3.7.1.
Collateral Consequences
156
3.7.2.
Wrongs Capable of Repetition yet Evading Review
158
3.7.3.
Voluntary Cessation
158
3.7.4.
Class Actions
160
3.8.
Political Question Doctrine
161
ch. 4
Special Limitations on Judicial Review of State Laws
171
4.1.
Introduction and Overview
171
4.2.
Eleventh Amendment
171
4.2.1.
Eleventh Amendment and Sovereign Immunity
171
4.2.2.
Suits Filed by the United States
175
4.2.3.
Suits Filed by Another State
176
4.2.4.
Bankruptcy Proceedings
177
4.2.5.
Supreme Court Review of State Court Decisions
177
4.2.6.
Stripping Doctrine
178
Ex pane Young and the Fiction of Stripping
178
Designating the Proper Defendant
181
Prospective versus Retroactive Relief
182
Holding Officials Personally Liable in Damages
184
No Stripping for State Law Claims
190
Congressional Restriction of the Stripping Doctrine
191
4.2.7.
Suits Against Governmental Entities and Officials
193
Classifying a Governmental Entity
194
Stating a Cause of Action: [§]1983
196
Suing Federal Officials
198
4.2.8.
Congressional Abrogation
199
4.2.9.
State Waiver by Consent to Suit
204
4.2.10.
Eleventh Amendment Anomaly
206
4.3.
Siler Doctrine
208
4.4.
Pullman Doctrine
210
4.5.
Younger Doctrine
213
4.5.1.
Basic Doctrine
213
4.5.2.
"Pending" State Proceedings
215
4.5.3.
Nature of the State Proceedings
218
Proceedings of a Judicial Nature
219
Implicating Important State Interests
220
4.5.4.
Opportunity to Raise the Federal Claim in the State Proceeding
222
4.5.5.
Exceptions to the Younger Doctrine
223
Bad Faith or Harassment
223
Patently Unconstitutional
224
Extraordinary Circumstances
224
4.5.6.
Returning to Federal Court
224
4.6.
Common Law Immunity
226
ch. 5
Powers of the National Government
229
5.1.
Introduction and Overview
229
5.2.
Necessary and Proper Clause
231
5.3.
Power over Interstate Commerce
235
5.3.1.
Brief History of Commerce Clause Jurisprudence
236
5.3.2.
Modern Law of the Commerce Clause
241
5.3.3.
Commerce Clause and Civil Rights
248
5.3.4.
Closer Judicial Scrutiny: Lopez and Morrison
250
5.3.5.
Regulating Commercial "Inactivity"
257
5.4.
Power to Tax and Spend
261
5.4.1.
What Constitutes a Tax for Purposes of the Taxing Power?
262
"Some Revenue" Test
263
Is the Law Penal or Prohibitory?
263
5.4.2.
Specific Limitations on the Power to Tax
267
Requirement of Uniformity
268
Direct Taxes and Proportionality
268
Prohibition on Taxes or Duties Laid on Exports
269
5.4.3.
What Constitutes an Expenditure for Purposes of the Spending Power?
269
Regulatory Spending
270
Unconstitutional Conditions
272
Spending Directed Toward the States
274
Regulatory Authority Over Third Parties
278
5.5.
Power over Foreign Affairs
279
5.5.1.
Foreign Commerce Power
280
5.5.2.
Treaty Power
280
5.5.3.
Executive Agreements
288
5.5.4.
War Powers
290
5.6.
Constitutionally Enforceable Principle of Federalism
293
ch. 6
Supremacy Clause
299
6.1.
Introduction and Overview
299
6.2.
Preemption Doctrine
302
6.2.1.
Types of Preemption
302
6.2.2.
Conflict Preemption
304
Express Conflict: State Law Inconsistent with a Federal Statutory Prohibition
304
Implied Conflict: State Law Requires What a Federal Law Prohibits or Prohibits What a Federal Law Requires
305
Implied Conflict: State Law Operates as an Obstacle to a Congressional Objective
306
6.2.3.
Field Preemption
312
Express Field Preemption
312
Implied Field Preemption
316
6.3.
Federal Immunity from State Regulation
319
6.4.
Federal Immunity from State Taxation
321
6.5.
State-Imposed Limits on Election to Federal Office
324
ch. 7
Separation of Powers
327
7.1.
Introduction and Overview
327
7.2.
"Checks and Balances" and the Commingling of Powers
328
7.3.
Textual versus Structural or Functional Arguments
330
7.3.1.
Textual Separation of Powers Arguments
330
7.3.2.
Structural Separation of Powers Arguments
331
7.3.3.
Analyzing Separation of Powers Problems
332
7.4.
Domestic Arena
333
7.4.1.
Presidential Exercise of Lawmaking Power
333
Nondelegation Doctrine
336
Item Veto
338
7.4.2.
Legislative Veto
339
7.4.3.
Administrative State
342
7.4.4.
Appointment of Federal Officers
343
Classifying Particular Government Positions
343
Interbranch Appointments
347
Appointments Made by Congress
348
Setting Qualifications for Office
350
7.4.5.
Removal of Federal Officers
350
Congressional Participation in the Removal Process
351
Other Interbranch Removals
352
Assigning Removal Authority to an Executive Official Other than the President
352
Limiting the Executive's Grounds for Removal
353
Multiple Layers and Limited Grounds
354
Prohibiting Removal Except by Impeachment
355
Appointment, Removal, and the Unitary Executive
357
7.4.6.
Congressional Exercise of Executive Power
358
7.4.7.
Separation of Powers and the Judiciary
360
Assigning Nonjudicial Duties to Federal Judges
361
Interfering with Federal Court Judgments
361
7.5.
War and Foreign Affairs
364
7.5.1.
Declaring War and Initiating Hostilities
364
Theory versus Practice
364
War Powers Resolution
365
Situation Today
367
7.5.2.
Recognition of Foreign Governments
368
7.5.3.
Treaties and Executive Agreements
370
Permissible Subject Matter of Treaties
370
Abrogating Treaties
371
Executive Agreements as a Substitute for Treaties
373
7.6.
Impeachment
377
7.7.
Speech or Debate Clause
379
7.8.
Executive Immunity and Executive Privilege
382
7.8.1.
Executive Immunity from Suit
382
No Immunity from Criminal Actions
382
Qualified Immunity from Civil Damages Actions
383
Absolute Civil Damages Immunity for the President
386
7.8.2.
Executive Privilege for Presidential Communications
387
ch. 8
Dormant Commerce Clause
391
8.1.
Introduction and Overview
391
8.2.
Early Developments
393
8.3.
Modem Approach: An Overview
394
8.4.
Rational Relationship to a Legitimate State Purpose
394
8.4.1.
Legitimate State Purpose
395
8.4.2.
Economic Protectionism
396
8.4.3.
Rational Relationship
398
8.5.
Extraterritorial Regulatory Effects
399
8.6.
Discrimination Against Interstate Commerce
403
8.6.1.
What Constitutes Discrimination?
403
8.6.2.
Less Discriminatory Alternatives
407
8.7.
Balancing Burdens and Benefits
409
8.7.1.
Burdens Must Clearly Outweigh Benefits
409
8.7.2.
Relevance of Other Statutes
410
8.7.3.
Cases in Which Balancing May Be Inappropriate
411
8.8.
Using the Least Burdensome Alternative
411
8.8.1.
Less Burdensome Alternatives
411
8.8.2.
Less Burdensome and Less Discriminatory Alternatives
413
8.9.
State Regulation of Alcohol
414
8.10.
State Laws That Affect Foreign Commerce
415
8.11.
Congressional Consent or Authorization
415
8.12.
Market Participant Doctrine
417
8.12.1.
State as Buyer or Seller
418
8.12.2.
State Subsidies
420
8.12.3.
State Tax Credits and Tax Exemptions
421
8.13.
State Taxes and the Dormant Commerce Clause
422
8.13.1.
Substantial Nexus to the Taxing State
423
8.13.2.
Fair Apportionment
423
Subject of a Tax
425
Methods of Apportionment
426
8.13.3.
Discrimination Against Interstate Commerce
429
8.13.4.
Fairly Related to State Services
432
8.13.5.
Taxation of Foreign Commerce
432
ch. 9
Privileges and Immunities Clause of Article IV
435
9.1.
Introduction and Overview
435
9.2.
Significant Burden on Fundamental Rights
436
9.3.
Protectionist Purpose
440
9.4.
Discrimination Against Citizens of Other States
440
9.4.1.
Requirement of Discrimination
440
Corfield v. Coryell and Natural Law
440
Rejection of Corfield
441
Fourteenth Amendment Privileges or Immunities Clause
442
9.4.2.
Who Qualify as "Citizens" of Other States?
445
9.4.3.
Discrimination Based on Municipal Residence
447
9.5.
Substantial Reason Test
449
9.5.1.
General Test
449
9.5.2.
State-Owned Goods or Resources
453
9.6.
Other Means of Challenging Discrimination Against Out-of-Staters
454
9.6.1.
Discrimination Against Out-of-State Corporations
455
9.6.2.
Discrimination Against Citizens of Other States Where No "Fundamental" Right Is Involved
456
9.6.3.
Discrimination Against Former Citizens of Other States
456
Table of Cases
459
Index
471