Administrative measures to prevent and tackle crime : legal possibilities and practical application in EU member states / A.C.M. Spapens, M. Peters and D. Van Daele (Eds.).
2015
KJE8643 .A936 2015 (Map It)
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Title
Administrative measures to prevent and tackle crime : legal possibilities and practical application in EU member states / A.C.M. Spapens, M. Peters and D. Van Daele (Eds.).
Published
The Hague, The Netherlands : Eleven International Publishing, [2015]
Call Number
KJE8643 .A936 2015
ISBN
9789462365797 (hbk.)
9462365792 (hbk.)
9789462743403 (E-book)
9462743401 (electronic bk.)
9789462743403 (electronic bk.)
9462365792 (hbk.)
9789462743403 (E-book)
9462743401 (electronic bk.)
9789462743403 (electronic bk.)
Description
xxiv, 701 pages : illustrations ; 25 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)918791130
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references.
Record Appears in
Added Author
Table of Contents
Part I General introduction
1.
Introduction
3
1.1.
Background of the research / A.C.M. Spapens D. Van Daele, M. Peters
3
1.2.
Scope of the study and definition of 'administrative approach' / A.C.M. Spapens D. Van Daele, M. Peters
4
1.2.1.
Scope of the study / A.C.M. Spapens D. Van Daele, M. Peters
4
1.2.2.
Definition of the concept 'administrative approach' / A.C.M. Spapens D. Van Daele, M. Peters
6
1.3.
Methodology / A.C.M. Spapens D. Van Daele, M. Peters
7
1.3.1.
Legal study / A.C.M. Spapens D. Van Daele, M. Peters
9
1.3.2.
Empirical study / A.C.M. Spapens D. Van Daele, M. Peters
11
1.4.
Structure of the report / A.C.M. Spapens D. Van Daele, M. Peters
12
Bibliography / A.C.M. Spapens D. Van Daele, M. Peters
13
Part II The legal framework in ten EU Member States / A.C.M. Spapens D. Van Daele, M. Peters
2.
administrative approach in Belgium / A.C.M. Spapens D. Van Daele, M. Peters
17
2.1.
Introduction: the debate about the administrative approach to combating organised crime in Belgium / D. Van Daele
17
2.2.
Instruments to screen and monitor persons and legal entities / D. Van Daele
18
2.2.1.
granting of licences by administrative authorities / D. Van Daele
18
2.2.1.1.
Licences for pubs, restaurants and hotels / D. Van Daele
18
2.2.1.2.
Gaming licences / D. Van Daele
20
2.2.1.2.1.
General principles / D. Van Daele
20
2.2.1.2.2.
operation of a casino / D. Van Daele
21
2.2.1.2.3.
operation of a slot machine arcade / D. Van Daele
22
2.2.2.
regulation of prostitution / D. Van Daele
23
2.2.2.1.
Municipal regulations / D. Van Daele
23
2.2.2.2.
sale of alcohol in brothels / D. Van Daele
24
2.2.3.
suspension and withdrawal of licences as administrative sanctions / D. Van Daele
25
2.2.3.1.
Legal basis / D. Van Daele
25
2.2.3.2.
Scope / D. Van Daele
26
2.2.3.3.
Procedure / D. Van Daele
26
2.2.3.3.1.
Prior notice / D. Van Daele
26
2.2.3.3.2.
Hearing of the person concerned / D. Van Daele
27
2.2.3.3.3.
Proportionality principle / D. Van Daele
29
2.2.3.3.4.
Duty to state grounds / D. Van Daele
29
2.2.3.4.
Legal remedies / D. Van Daele
29
2.2.4.
suspension of a licence as an order preservation measure / D. Van Daele
30
2.2.5.
Public procurement law / D. Van Daele
31
2.3.
Instruments directed at preventing the disturbance of public order / D. Van Daele
32
2.3.1.
Municipalities and the maintenance of public order / D. Van Daele
32
2.3.2.
closure of an establishment as an administrative sanction / D. Van Daele
33
2.3.3.
closure of a place or establishment as an administrative police measure / D. Van Daele
34
2.3.3.1.
Non-fulfilment of operating conditions / D. Van Daele
34
2.3.3.1.1.
Scope / D. Van Daele
34
2.3.3.1.2.
Procedure / D. Van Daele
34
2.3.3.1.3.
Duration of the closure / D. Van Daele
35
2.3.3.2.
Disturbance of public order around an establishment / D. Van Daele
35
2.3.3.2.1.
Scope / D. Van Daele
35
2.3.3.2.2.
Procedure / D. Van Daele
36
2.3.3.2.3.
Duration of the closure / D. Van Daele
37
2.3.3.3.
Disturbance of public order in an establishment / D. Van Daele
38
2.3.3.4.
Infringements of the drug legislation / D. Van Daele
39
2.3.3.4.1.
Scope / D. Van Daele
39
2.3.3.4.2.
Procedure / D. Van Daele
40
2.3.3.4.3.
Duration of the closure / D. Van Daele
40
2.3.3.5.
Indications of trafficking or smuggling in human beings / D. Van Daele
41
2.3.3.5.1.
Scope / D. Van Daele
41
2.3.3.5.2.
Procedure / D. Van Daele
42
2.3.3.5.3.
Duration of closure / D. Van Daele
43
2.4.
information position of the administrative authorities / D. Van Daele
43
Bibliography / D. Van Daele
46
3.
administrative approach in the Czech Republic / D. Van Daele
51
3.1.
Introduction / P. Zeman
51
3.1.1.
Approach to serious and organized crime and measures outside the scope of criminal law in the Czech Republic / P. Zeman
51
3.1.1.1.
Context / P. Zeman
51
3.1.1.2.
Historical background to the approach to organized crime in the Czech Republic / P. Zeman
53
3.2.
Existing measures on screening and/or monitoring the past and present criminal activities of natural persons / P. Zeman
55
3.2.1.
Licences / P. Zeman
60
3.2.2.
Subsidies / P. Zeman
62
3.2.3.
Tenders / P. Zeman
64
3.2.4.
Screening and/or monitoring procedure and permitted information sources / P. Zeman
67
3.2.4.1.
Licences / P. Zeman
68
3.2.4.2.
Subsidies / P. Zeman
70
3.2.4.3.
Tenders / P. Zeman
70
3.2.5.
Legal protection for a screened and/or monitored person / P. Zeman
72
3.2.5.1.
Licences / P. Zeman
72
3.2.5.2.
Subsidies / P. Zeman
75
3.2.5.3.
Tenders / P. Zeman
75
3.2.6.
Existing measures on screening and/or monitoring legal persons / P. Zeman
76
3.3.
Instruments directed at preventing the disturbance of public order / P. Zeman
77
3.3.1.
Legal framework / P. Zeman
77
3.3.2.
Administrative offences against public order / P. Zeman
79
3.3.3.
Closure and/or expropriation of premises owing to a disturbance of public order / P. Zeman
81
3.4.
Seizing of assets / P. Zeman
82
3.5.
Other relevant measures / P. Zeman
84
3.6.
Conclusion / P. Zeman
86
Bibliography / P. Zeman
88
4.
administrative approach in England and Wales / P. Zeman
91
4.1.
Introduction / M. Peters A.C.M. Spapens
91
4.2.
Administrative authorities and their powers - an overview / M. Peters A.C.M. Spapens
93
4.3.
Background of the current policies on serious and organized crime in the United Kingdom / M. Peters A.C.M. Spapens
98
4.4.
Substantive instruments / M. Peters A.C.M. Spapens
104
4.4.1.
Possibilities for screening and monitoring of persons / A.C.M. Spapens M. Peters
105
4.4.1.1.
Disclosure and barring of persons / M. Peters A.C.M. Spapens
105
4.4.1.2.
Screening of persons in scope of the Money Laundering Regulations / A.C.M. Spapens M. Peters
116
4.4.2.
Access to relevant information by government institutions / M. Peters A.C.M. Spapens
118
4.4.2.1.
Crime and Courts Act 2013 - the NCA as information gateway / M. Peters A.C.M. Spapens
118
4.4.2.2.
Suspicious Activity Reports - information on legal entities / A.C.M. Spapens M. Peters
124
4.4.2.3.
Possibilities for local information exchange: partnership working / A.C.M. Spapens M. Peters
126
4.4.3.
Closing or expropriating housing / A.C.M. Spapens M. Peters
130
4.4.4.
Tools for seizing assets outside the scope of criminal procedure / A.C.M. Spapens M. Peters
137
4.4.5.
Other tools / M. Peters A.C.M. Spapens
139
Bibliography / M. Peters A.C.M. Spapens
141
Annex / M. Peters A.C.M. Spapens
145
5.
administrative approach in France / M. Peters A.C.M. Spapens
151
5.1.
Introduction / D. Van Daele
151
5.1.1.
French administrative organisation / D. Van Daele
151
5.1.2.
administrative approach to combating organised crime in the context of organised crime policy in France / D. Van Daele
155
5.2.
Essential characteristics of French administrative procedure / D. Van Daele
157
5.2.1.
Types of administrative decisions / D. Van Daele
157
5.2.2.
Due process in administrative proceedings / D. Van Daele
157
5.2.2.1.
General principles / D. Van Daele
157
5.2.2.2.
Hearing of participants / D. Van Daele
158
5.2.2.3.
Access to the file / D. Van Daele
159
5.2.2.4.
Duty to state grounds / D. Van Daele
159
5.2.3.
execution of administrative decisions / D. Van Daele
160
5.2.3.1.
General principles / D. Van Daele
160
5.2.3.2.
Administrative sanctions / D. Van Daele
161
5.2.3.2.1.
Concept and scope / D. Van Daele
161
5.2.3.2.2.
Revocation of an authorisation as an administrative sanction / D. Van Daele
162
5.2.3.2.3.
Substantive and procedural guarantees / D. Van Daele
162
5.2.4.
Repeal of administrative acts / D. Van Daele
164
5.2.4.1.
Two types of repeal / D. Van Daele
164
5.2.4.2.
Revocation of individual administrative acts / D. Van Daele
164
5.2.4.2.1.
Individual administrative decisions creating rights / D. Van Daele
164
5.2.4.2.2.
Individual administrative decisions not creating rights / D. Van Daele
165
5.2.4.3.
Withdrawal of individual administrative acts / D. Van Daele
165
5.2.4.3.1.
Individual administrative decisions creating rights / D. Van Daele
165
5.2.4.3.2.
Individual administrative decisions not creating rights / D. Van Daele
166
5.3.
Instruments to screen and monitor persons and legal entities / D. Van Daele
167
5.3.1.
Screening and monitoring in specific sectors / D. Van Daele
167
5.3.1.1.
principle of freedom of trade and industry and its restrictions / D. Van Daele
167
5.3.1.2.
Licences for pubs and restaurants / D. Van Daele
168
5.3.1.3.
Casino licences / D. Van Daele
170
5.3.1.4.
regulation of prostitution / D. Van Daele
172
5.3.1.4.1.
abolitionist regime / D. Van Daele
172
5.3.1.4.2.
closure of premises / D. Van Daele
175
5.3.1.4.3.
Withdrawal of bar or restaurant licences / D. Van Daele
176
5.3.2.
Public procurement law / D. Van Daele
176
5.4.
Instruments directed at preventing the disturbance of public order / D. Van Daele
177
5.4.1.
police powers of the prefect of the department / D. Van Daele
177
5.4.2.
police powers of the mayor / D. Van Daele
179
5.4.3.
Prefecture of Police of Paris / D. Van Daele
180
5.4.4.
Administrative police measures / D. Van Daele
181
5.4.4.1.
Concept, scope, and limitations / D. Van Daele
181
5.4.4.2.
revocation of an authorisation / D. Van Daele
182
5.4.4.3.
closure of pubs, restaurants and discotheques / D. Van Daele
183
Bibliography / D. Van Daele
184
6.
administrative approach in Germany / D. Van Daele
191
6.1.
Introduction / D. Van Daele
191
6.1.1.
German administrative organisation / D. Van Daele
191
6.1.2.
administrative approach to combating organised crime in the context of organised crime policy in Germany / D. Van Daele
193
6.2.
Essential characteristics of German administrative procedure / D. Van Daele
195
6.2.1.
Verwaltungsverfahren and Verwaltungsakt / D. Van Daele
195
6.2.2.
course of the administrative procedure / D. Van Daele
197
6.2.2.1.
commencement of proceedings / D. Van Daele
197
6.2.2.2.
administrative investigation / D. Van Daele
197
6.2.2.3.
Due process in administrative proceedings / D. Van Daele
198
6.2.2.3.1.
Hearing of participants / D. Van Daele
198
6.2.2.3.2.
Access to the file / D. Van Daele
199
6.2.2.3.3.
Administrative secrecy / D. Van Daele
200
6.2.2.4.
termination of proceedings / D. Van Daele
200
6.2.3.
Repeal of administrative acts / D. Van Daele
201
6.2.3.1.
Legal basis / D. Van Daele
201
6.2.3.2.
Revocation of a lawful administrative act / D. Van Daele
202
6.2.3.2.1.
Grounds for revocation of non-beneficial administrative acts / D. Van Daele
203
6.2.3.2.2.
Grounds for revocation of beneficial administrative acts / D. Van Daele
203
6.2.3.3.
Withdrawal of an unlawful administrative act / D. Van Daele
205
6.2.3.3.1.
Grounds for withdrawal of non-beneficial administrative acts / D. Van Daele
205
6.2.3.3.2.
Grounds for withdrawal of beneficial administrative acts / D. Van Daele
205
6.2.3.4.
Procedural deadlines / D. Van Daele
207
6.2.3.5.
Effects of revocation and withdrawal / D. Van Daele
207
6.2.3.6.
Compensation / D. Van Daele
208
6.3.
Instruments to screen and monitor persons and legal entities / D. Van Daele
209
6.3.1.
Screening and monitoring on the basis of sector-specific laws / D. Van Daele
209
6.3.1.1.
Trade regulation act / D. Van Daele
209
6.3.1.1.1.
Freedom of trade / D. Van Daele
209
6.3.1.1.2.
License requirements and inspection / D. Van Daele
210
6.3.1.1.3.
Prohibition to practice a trade due to unreliability / D. Van Daele
211
6.3.1.1.4.
Prohibition to practice a trade due to disadvantages and dangers / D. Van Daele
212
6.3.1.2.
Law on public houses and restaurants (Licensing Act) / D. Van Daele
212
6.3.1.3.
regulation of prostitution / D. Van Daele
214
6.3.1.3.1.
situation before the Prostitution Act of 20 December 2001 / D. Van Daele
214
6.3.1.3.2.
current regime / D. Van Daele
214
6.3.1.4.
regulation of gambling / D. Van Daele
217
6.3.1.4.1.
division of powers between Federation and Lander / D. Van Daele
217
6.3.1.4.2.
regulation of casino gambling / D. Van Daele
217
6.3.1.4.3.
regulation of gambling in amusement arcades / D. Van Daele
218
6.3.2.
Public procurement law / D. Van Daele
219
6.3.3.
prohibition of an association / D. Van Daele
220
6.3.3.1.
freedom of association and its restrictions / D. Van Daele
220
6.3.3.2.
Associations contravening the criminal law / D. Van Daele
221
6.3.3.3.
Unconstitutional associations / D. Van Daele
222
6.3.3.4.
prohibition order / D. Van Daele
223
6.4.
Instruments directed at preventing the disturbance of public order / D. Van Daele
224
6.4.1.
Police services and Ordnungsbehorden / D. Van Daele
224
6.4.2.
Public order maintenance by the Ordnungsbehorden / D. Van Daele
225
6.4.3.
closure of premises / D. Van Daele
226
6.5.
information position of the administrative authorities / D. Van Daele
227
6.5.1.
Exchange of information between administrative authorities / D. Van Daele
227
6.5.1.1.
Exchange of information at national level / D. Van Daele
227
6.5.1.2.
Exchange of information at European level / D. Van Daele
229
6.5.2.
Data from criminal case files / D. Van Daele
229
6.5.3.
Data regarding criminal convictions / D. Van Daele
231
6.5.4.
Tax information / D. Van Daele
231
Bibliography / D. Van Daele
233
7.
administrative approach in Italy / D. Van Daele
239
7.1.
Introduction / F. Di Stefano, F. Calderoni
239
7.1.1.
Background / F. Calderoni F. Di Stefano
239
7.1.2.
history of antimafia measures in Italy / F. Di Stefano, F. Calderoni
240
7.2.
Screening and monitoring / F. Di Stefano, F. Calderoni
243
7.2.1.
Documentazione antimafia / F. Di Stefano, F. Calderoni
243
7.2.1.1.
History of the legislation / F. Calderoni F. Di Stefano
243
7.2.1.2.
Antimafia Code in force / F. Di Stefano, F. Calderoni
244
7.2.1.3.
Self-certification / F. Di Stefano, F. Calderoni
252
7.2.2.
Other screening and/or monitoring procedures / F. Di Stefano, F. Calderoni
253
7.2.3.
Legal protection of natural and legal persons subject to screening and/or monitoring / F. Calderoni F. Di Stefano
254
7.3.
Instruments directed at preventing the disturbance of public order / F. Calderoni F. Di Stefano
255
7.3.1.
Revoking or refusing licences, subsidies, or government or other tenders / F. Calderoni F. Di Stefano
255
7.3.2.
Closure and/or expropriation of premises / F. Calderoni F. Di Stefano
256
7.4.
Seizure and confiscation of assets / F. Calderoni F. Di Stefano
256
7.4.1.
Criminal confiscation / F. Calderoni F. Di Stefano
257
7.4.2.
Extended confiscation / F. Calderoni F. Di Stefano
258
7.4.3.
Preventive seizure and confiscation / F. Calderoni F. Di Stefano
258
7.4.4.
Equivalent confiscation / F. Calderoni F. Di Stefano
259
7.5.
dissolution of local administrations owing to mafia infiltration / F. Calderoni F. Di Stefano
260
Bibliography / F. Calderoni F. Di Stefano
262
8.
administrative approach in the Netherlands / F. Calderoni F. Di Stefano
265
8.1.
Introduction / M. Peters A.C.M Spapens
265
8.1.1.
Background / M. Peters A.C.M Spapens
265
8.1.2.
Historical background in the Netherlands / M. Peters A.C.M Spapens
266
8.2.
Screening and monitoring / M. Peters A.C.M Spapens
269
8.2.1.
Verklaring Omtrent het Gedrag (VOG) / M. Peters A.C.M Spapens
270
8.2.2.
BIBOB legislation / M. Peters A.C.M Spapens
272
8.2.2.1.
Screening of applicants for licences / M. Peters A.C.M Spapens
273
8.2.2.2.
Screening of applicants for subsidies / M. Peters A.C.M Spapens
275
8.2.2.3.
Screening of tenderers under the BIBOB legislation / M. Peters A.C.M Spapens
276
8.2.2.4.
screening procedure and information sources / M. Peters A.C.M Spapens
278
8.2.2.5.
Legal protection when permits, subsidies and tenders are refused or revoked / M. Peters A.C.M Spapens
283
8.2.3.
Wet controle op rechtspersonen (Wcp) / M. Peters A.C.M Spapens
286
8.3.
Instruments directed at preventing the disturbance of public order / M. Peters A.C.M Spapens
289
8.3.1.
Instruments included in the Awb / M. Peters A.C.M Spapens
289
8.3.2.
Refusing and revoking permits under the local spatial plan regime / M. Peters A.C.M Spapens
293
8.3.3.
Municipal by-law (APV) / M. Peters A.C.M Spapens
298
8.3.4.
Closure and expropriation of premises / M. Peters A.C.M Spapens
300
8.4.
Seizing of assets / M. Peters A.C.M Spapens
303
Bibliography / M. Peters A.C.M Spapens
304
9.
administrative approach in Poland / M. Peters A.C.M Spapens
307
9.1.
Introductory remarks / M. Wasek-Wiaderek A. Zbiciak
307
9.1.1.
Background / M. Wasek-Wiaderek A. Zbiciak
307
9.1.2.
Administrative measures to combat organized crime - overview / M. Wasek-Wiaderek A. Zbiciak
308
9.1.3.
National Crime Register, the National Centre of Criminal Information and other sources of information for screening and monitoring of persons/entities / M. Wasek-Wiaderek A. Zbiciak
310
9.1.3.1.
National Crime Register / M. Wasek-Wiaderek A. Zbiciak
310
9.1.3.2.
National Centre of Criminal Information / M. Wasek-Wiaderek A. Zbiciak
314
9.1.3.3.
Other sources of information for screening and monitoring of persons/entities / M. Wasek-Wiaderek A. Zbiciak
315
9.1.4.
Legal basis for exchange of information between administrative authorities and organs conducting criminal proceedings / M. Wasek-Wiaderek A. Zbiciak
315
9.2.
Screening and monitoring of persons applying for a post/job in sectors vulnerable to criminal activities / M. Wasek-Wiaderek A. Zbiciak
317
9.2.1.
Introduction / M. Wasek-Wiaderek A. Zbiciak
317
9.2.2.
Public servants and persons exercising public duties / M. Wasek-Wiaderek A. Zbiciak
318
9.2.3.
Private sector: persons requiring a professional licence / M. Wasek-Wiaderek A. Zbiciak
319
9.2.3.1.
professional licence for detectives / M. Wasek-Wiaderek A. Zbiciak
319
9.2.3.2.
professional licence for taxi drivers / M. Wasek-Wiaderek A. Zbiciak
320
9.3.
legal framework for the screening and monitoring of natural persons (with reference to economic activities) / M. Wasek-Wiaderek A. Zbiciak
320
9.3.1.
Introduction / M. Wasek-Wiaderek A. Zbiciak
320
9.3.2.
Act on the Freedom of Economic Activity (FEA). General remarks / M. Wasek-Wiaderek A. Zbiciak
322
9.3.2.1.
Activities requiring a concession (licensed activities) / M. Wasek-Wiaderek A. Zbiciak
323
9.3.2.1.1.
Manufacture of and trafficking in explosives, weapons and ammunition / M. Wasek-Wiaderek A. Zbiciak
324
9.3.2.1.2.
Manufacturing, processing, storing, transmitting, distributing and trading in fuels and energy / M. Wasek-Wiaderek A. Zbiciak
325
9.3.2.1.3.
Protection of persons and property / M. Wasek-Wiaderek A. Zbiciak
326
9.3.2.1.4.
Operating a casino / M. Wasek-Wiaderek A. Zbiciak
328
9.3.2.2.
Regulated activity / M. Wasek-Wiaderek A. Zbiciak
331
9.3.2.3.
Activities requiring a permit / M. Wasek-Wiaderek A. Zbiciak
337
9.3.3.
Government tenders / M. Wasek-Wiaderek A. Zbiciak
344
9.3.3.1.
Public procurement / M. Wasek-Wiaderek A. Zbiciak
344
9.3.3.2.
Public aid for entrepreneurs / M. Wasek-Wiaderek A. Zbiciak
346
9.4.
Screening and monitoring of entrepreneurs - the procedures / M. Wasek-Wiaderek A. Zbiciak
347
9.4.1.
Data in central registers / M. Wasek-Wiaderek A. Zbiciak
347
9.4.1.1.
Central Registry and Information about Economic Activity (CRI-AEA) / M. Wasek-Wiaderek A. Zbiciak
348
9.4.2.
monitoring procedure / M. Wasek-Wiaderek A. Zbiciak
350
9.4.3.
Instruments directed at preventing the disturbance of public order / M. Wasek-Wiaderek A. Zbiciak
353
9.4.3.1.
General instruments / M. Wasek-Wiaderek A. Zbiciak
353
9.4.3.2.
Refusing and revoking a concession/permit, removal from the register of regulated activity / M. Wasek-Wiaderek A. Zbiciak
354
9.4.4.
Legal protection / M. Wasek-Wiaderek A. Zbiciak
359
9.5.
Other administrative instruments to combat or prevent crimes / M. Wasek-Wiaderek A. Zbiciak
361
9.5.1.
Administrative instruments to counteract money laundering and financing of terrorism / M. Wasek-Wiaderek A. Zbiciak
361
9.5.1.1.
Introductory remarks / M. Wasek-Wiaderek A. Zbiciak
361
9.5.1.2.
system for reporting suspicious transactions / M. Wasek-Wiaderek A. Zbiciak
362
9.5.1.3.
role of the General Inspector of Financial Information (GIFI) and the financial intelligence unit / M. Wasek-Wiaderek A. Zbiciak
364
9.5.1.4.
Control of obligated institutions and imposition of administrative penalties / M. Wasek-Wiaderek A. Zbiciak
365
9.5.2.
Temporary blocking of suspect funds by banks / M. Wasek-Wiaderek A. Zbiciak
367
9.5.3.
Permit required for possession of firearms or ammunition / M. Wasek-Wiaderek A. Zbiciak
367
Bibliography / M. Wasek-Wiaderek A. Zbiciak
370
10.
administrative approach in Spain / M. Wasek-Wiaderek A. Zbiciak
373
10.1.
Introduction / A. Huesca J.E. Conde
373
10.1.1.
Context / A. Huesca J.E. Conde
373
10.1.2.
brief description of current police action / A. Huesca J.E. Conde
373
10.1.3.
Introduction to Spanish public administration / A. Huesca J.E. Conde
377
10.2.
Screening and/or monitoring of natural persons for criminal activity / A. Huesca J.E. Conde
380
10.2.1.
Certificado de Antecedentes Penales (CAP) / A. Huesca J.E. Conde
380
10.2.2.
General requirements for starting a business / A. Huesca J.E. Conde
388
10.2.3.
Requirements concerning subsidies / A. Huesca J.E. Conde
391
10.2.3.1.
Granting of subsidies / A. Huesca J.E. Conde
391
10.2.3.2.
Revocation of subsidies / A. Huesca J.E. Conde
392
10.2.4.
Requirements concerning government tenders / J.E. Conde A. Huesca
394
10.2.4.1.
Award of tenders / J.E. Conde A. Huesca
394
10.2.4.2.
Refusal or revocation of a tender / J.E. Conde A. Huesca
397
10.2.5.
legal protection in place for the natural or legal person subject to screening and/or monitoring / J.E. Conde A. Huesca
398
10.2.5.1.
Personal data protection in Spain / J.E. Conde A. Huesca
398
10.2.5.2.
Other rights / J.E. Conde A. Huesca
400
10.3.
Instruments directed at preventing the disturbance of public order / J.E. Conde A. Huesca
401
10.3.1.
Spatial planning / J.E. Conde A. Huesca
401
10.3.2.
Inspection / J.E. Conde A. Huesca
402
10.3.2.1.
proceeding principles / J.E. Conde A. Huesca
402
10.3.2.2.
Spanish administrative procedure / J.E. Conde A. Huesca
404
10.4.
Seizing of assets / J.E. Conde A. Huesca
405
10.5.
Other relevant measures in Spain / J.E. Conde A. Huesca
407
10.5.1.
Money Laundering Prevention / J.E. Conde A. Huesca
407
10.5.2.
case of EuroVegas / J.E. Conde A. Huesca
410
Bibliography / J.E. Conde A. Huesca
412
11.
administrative approach in Sweden / J.E. Conde A. Huesca
417
Preface / M. Norlin L. Korsell
417
11.1.
Introduction / M. Norlin L. Korsell
418
11.1.1.
Administrative measures [—] what are they? / M. Norlin L. Korsell
418
11.1.2.
Swedish development of administrative measures / M. Norlin L. Korsell
419
11.2.
Free enterprise and general prevention rules / M. Norlin L. Korsell
425
11.2.1.
Free enterprise [—] the core of Swedish business / M. Norlin L. Korsell
425
11.2.2.
General requirements for engaging in business / M. Norlin L. Korsell
426
11.2.3.
Fiscal control, liquidation and auditors / M. Norlin L. Korsell
427
11.3.
Ban on business activity / M. Norlin L. Korsell
431
11.4.
Permits or registration to engage in business activities / M. Norlin L. Korsell
432
11.4.1.
Conduct assessment with registry checks / M. Norlin L. Korsell
432
11.4.2.
Conduct assessment without registry checks as well as duty to report / M. Norlin L. Korsell
434
11.4.3.
Industries and professions with permit and reporting requirements / L. Korsell M. Norlin
435
11.5.
Further information on permit and reporting obligation / M. Norlin L. Korsell
442
11.5.1.
Requirement of a permit with conduct assessment / M. Norlin L. Korsell
442
11.5.2.
Requirement of a permit without conduct assessment / M. Norlin L. Korsell
461
11.5.3.
Other requirements for running certain businesses, with or without conduct assessment / M. Norlin L. Korsell
461
11.5.4.
Schematic summary of the described industries / M. Norlin L. Korsell
464
11.6.
Security classification and registry excerpts for work with children / M. Norlin L. Korsell
468
11.6.1.
Specific, conduct-assessed employment types / M. Norlin L. Korsell
468
11.6.2.
Security-classified positions under the Security Protection Act / M. Norlin L. Korsell
469
11.6.3.
Expanded requirements for registry excerpts with regard to work within activities concerning children / M. Norlin L. Korsell
469
11.7.
Subsidies, grants and subventions / M. Norlin L. Korsell
470
11.7.1.
Swedish welfare systems' economic benefits / M. Norlin L. Korsell
470
11.7.1.1.
Administrative authorities / M. Norlin L. Korsell
470
11.7.1.2.
Legislation designed to prevent erroneous payments / M. Norlin L. Korsell
471
11.7.2.
Tools and features / M. Norlin L. Korsell
471
11.7.2.1.
Tools / M. Norlin L. Korsell
471
11.7.2.2.
Features / L. Korsell M. Norlin
472
11.7.3.
Economic benefits utilised in the context of economic and organised crime / M. Norlin L. Korsell
472
11.7.3.1.
Benefit fraud and administrative measures / M. Norlin L. Korsell
472
11.7.3.2.
Unemployment-related benefits for individuals / M. Norlin L. Korsell
472
11.7.3.3.
Social security benefits / M. Norlin L. Korsell
474
11.7.3.4.
Financial aid for studies / M. Norlin L. Korsell
476
11.7.3.5.
Subsidised employment [—] individual recruitment incentives and special support mechanisms / M. Norlin L. Korsell
477
11.7.3.6.
Income support / M. Norlin L. Korsell
478
11.7.3.7.
Misuse of EU subsidies / M. Norlin L. Korsell
478
11.8.
Exclusion of suppliers in public procurement / M. Norlin L. Korsell
479
11.9.
Legal protection and right of review / M. Norlin L. Korsell
480
11.10.
Security measures / M. Norlin L. Korsell
482
11.10.1.
Civil procedure security measures / M. Norlin L. Korsell
482
11.10.2.
Other security measures / M. Norlin L. Korsell
483
11.11.
Evacuation measures in order to maintain public order / M. Norlin L. Korsell
484
11.12.
Conclusions / M. Norlin L. Korsell
485
11.12.1.
Levels of industry regulation / M. Norlin L. Korsell
485
11.12.2.
Patterns of development / M. Norlin L. Korsell
487
11.12.3.
future of administrative measures for economic crime prevention purposes / M. Norlin L. Korsell
495
Bibliography / M. Norlin L. Korsell
497
12.
legal comparison of the administrative approach to serious and organized crime in the EU / M. Norlin L. Korsell
505
12.1.
Introduction / D. Van Daele, M. Peters
505
12.2.
policies in the selected Member States / D. Van Daele, M. Peters
507
12.3.
legislative framework / D. Van Daele, M. Peters
511
12.3.1.
fragmented nature of the legislative framework / D. Van Daele, M. Peters
511
12.3.2.
General applicable principles of administrative law / D. Van Daele, M. Peters
513
12.3.3.
Economic sectors / D. Van Daele, M. Peters
515
12.4.
Substantive instruments in the administrative approach to crime / D. Van Daele, M. Peters
517
12.4.1.
Screening and monitoring instruments / D. Van Daele, M. Peters
517
12.4.1.1.
Overarching screening instruments / D. Van Daele, M. Peters
519
12.4.1.1.1.
Certificates of good conduct / D. Van Daele, M. Peters
520
12.4.1.1.2.
Invasive overarching screening instruments / D. Van Daele, M. Peters
521
12.4.1.2.
Screening instruments in the scope of licences / D. Van Daele, M. Peters
524
12.4.1.3.
Screening instruments in the scope of subsidies / D. Van Daele, M. Peters
531
12.4.1.4.
Screening in the scope of public procurement / D. Van Daele, M. Peters
532
12.4.1.5.
Prohibitions to trade / D. Van Daele, M. Peters
536
12.4.2.
Public order powers / D. Van Daele, M. Peters
537
12.4.2.1.
Powers of inspection / D. Van Daele, M. Peters
538
12.4.2.2.
Intervention by administrative authorities / D. Van Daele, M. Peters
538
12.4.2.2.1.
Repeal of an administrative decision / D. Van Daele, M. Peters
539
12.4.2.2.2.
Intervention in or around premises / D. Van Daele, M. Peters
540
12.4.2.2.3.
Administrative fines / D. Van Daele, M. Peters
543
12.4.3.
Forfeiting assets outside the scope of criminal law / D. Van Daele, M. Peters
544
12.4.4.
Other measures / D. Van Daele, M. Peters
547
12.5.
Due process / D. Van Daele, M. Peters
549
12.6.
institutional framework - the necessary infrastructure / D. Van Daele, M. Peters
552
12.6.1.
responsible authorities in the selected Member States / D. Van Daele, M. Peters
552
12.6.2.
Horizontal institutional frameworks for the purposes of collaboration / D. Van Daele, M. Peters
555
12.6.3.
National information databases / D. Van Daele, M. Peters
558
12.7.
Concluding remarks / D. Van Daele, M. Peters
561
Bibliography / D. Van Daele, M. Peters
563
Part III The administrative approach in practice / D. Van Daele, M. Peters
13.
Practical application of the concept / D. Van Daele, M. Peters
569
13.1.
Introduction / M. Peters A.C.M. Spapens
569
13.2.
Applying administrative regulations to prevent criminal infiltration / A.C.M. Spapens M. Peters
570
13.2.1.
Introduction / M. Peters A.C.M. Spapens
570
13.2.2.
Use of business regulations to prevent crime / M. Peters A.C.M. Spapens
570
13.2.3.
Use of local public order regulations to prevent crime / M. Peters A.C.M. Spapens
573
13.2.4.
Screening in the context of public procurement / M. Peters A.C.M. Spapens
574
13.2.5.
BIBOB screening in the Netherlands / M. Peters A.C.M. Spapens
577
13.3.
Working apart together ad hoc / M. Peters A.C.M. Spapens
578
13.3.1.
Introduction / M. Peters A.C.M. Spapens
578
13.3.2.
Administrative interventions / M. Peters A.C.M. Spapens
579
13.3.3.
Cooperating with other public partners / M. Peters A.C.M. Spapens
580
13.3.4.
Combining competences creatively: the Joker project / M. Peters A.C.M. Spapens
584
13.3.5.
Cooperating with private parties / M. Peters A.C.M. Spapens
586
13.4.
Working apart together in permanent/semi-permanent structures / M. Peters A.C.M. Spapens
587
13.4.1.
Introduction / M. Peters A.C.M. Spapens
587
13.4.2.
Integrated cooperation at the national level / M. Peters A.C.M. Spapens
588
13.4.3.
Integrated cooperation at the regional level / M. Peters A.C.M. Spapens
593
13.4.4.
Integrated cooperation at the local level / M. Peters A.C.M. Spapens
598
13.5.
Conclusion / M. Peters A.C.M. Spapens
606
Bibliography / M. Peters A.C.M. Spapens
609
Part IV The cross-border dimension in the EU / M. Peters A.C.M. Spapens
14.
potential for information exchange in Europe for the purpose of an administrative approach to crime / M. Peters A.C.M. Spapens
615
14.1.
Introduction / A.C.M. Spapens M. Peters
615
14.2.
possibility of the EU regulating a European Administrative Approach / A.C.M. Spapens M. Peters
616
14.2.1.
Potential for regulating information exchange in support an administrative approach under the Area of Security, Freedom and Justice / A.C.M. Spapens M. Peters
616
14.2.2.
Possibility of including multilateral treaties under the framework of the EU as offered by the integration of the Prüm Decision / A.C.M. Spapens M. Peters
620
14.3.
Applicability of existing instruments on information exchange in the EU Member States - the legislative framework / A.C.M. Spapens M. Peters
622
14.3.1.
Schengen Convention / A.C.M. Spapens M. Peters
623
14.3.2.
EU Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters / A.C.M. Spapens M. Peters
626
14.3.3.
Swedish Initiative / A.C.M. Spapens M. Peters
628
14.3.4.
Prüm Convention and Prüm Decision / A.C.M. Spapens M. Peters
630
14.3.5.
Naples II Convention / A.C.M. Spapens M. Peters
633
14.3.6.
European Convention on the Service Abroad of Documents Relating to Administrative Matters / A.C.M. Spapens M. Peters
634
14.3.7.
European Convention on the Obtaining Abroad of Information and Evidence in Administrative Matters / A.C.M. Spapens M. Peters
635
14.3.8.
Convention on Mutual Administrative Assistance in Tax Matters / A.C.M. Spapens M. Peters
637
14.3.9.
Legal provisions regarding the exchange of information on fiscal matters / A.C.M. Spapens M. Peters
639
14.4.
Applicability of existing instruments on information exchange in the EU Member States - the organizational framework / A.C.M. Spapens M. Peters
641
14.4.1.
Potential for sharing information under the Europol Council Decision / A.C.M. Spapens M. Peters
641
14.4.2.
information exchange structure under Eurojust / A.C.M. Spapens M. Peters
648
14.4.3.
information exchange structure under the Schengen Convention / A.C.M. Spapens M. Peters
652
14.4.4.
Information-exchange of criminal records between Member States (ECRIS) / M. Peters A.C.M. Spapens
655
14.4.5.
Information exchange structure regulated by the Naples II Convention / A.C.M. Spapens M. Peters
660
14.4.6.
information exchange structure regarding specific relevant topics in the EU / A.C.M. Spapens M. Peters
661
14.4.6.1.
information exchange structure of the Financial Intelligence Units / A.C.M. Spapens M. Peters
661
14.4.6.2.
Information exchange structure of the Asset Recovery Offices / A.C.M. Spapens M. Peters
662
14.4.6.3.
Information exchange in the field of cybercrime and cybersecurity / A.C.M. Spapens M. Peters
663
14.4.6.4.
Information exchange in the fight against child exploitation and pornography / A.C.M. Spapens M. Peters
664
Bibliography / A.C.M. Spapens M. Peters
667
Part V Conclusions and the way forward / A.C.M. Spapens M. Peters
15.
Conclusions / A.C.M. Spapens M. Peters
671
15.1.
Introduction / A.C.M. Spapens D. Van Daele, M. Peters
671
15.2.
General conclusions / A.C.M. Spapens D. Van Daele, M. Peters
671
15.3.
Towards a practical definition of the term 'an administrative approach to serious and organized crime' / A.C.M. Spapens D. Van Daele, M. Peters
672
15.4.
Administrative measures to prevent criminal infiltration in the legitimate economy / A.C.M. Spapens D. Van Daele, M. Peters
674
15.5.
Applying administrative measures to tackle serious and organized crime / A.C.M. Spapens D. Van Daele, M. Peters
676
15.5.1.
Applying the competences of administrative authorities / A.C.M. Spapens D. Van Daele, M. Peters
676
15.5.2.
'Working apart together' / A.C.M. Spapens D. Van Daele, M. Peters
676
15.6.
Information exchange is crucial / A.C.M. Spapens D. Van Daele, M. Peters
677
15.7.
Information exchange across borders / D. Van Daele, M. Peters A.C.M. Spapens
678
16.
road ahead / A.C.M. Spapens D. Van Daele, M. Peters
681
16.1.
Recommended steps to develop a EU policy on an administrative approach to crime / D. Van Daele, A.C.M. Spapens M. Peters
681
16.2.
Recommended steps for implementation of an administrative approach to crime on the national levels / D. Van Daele, A.C.M. Spapens M. Peters
683
16.3.
Recommended steps for international and national information exchange / D. Van Daele, A.C.M. Spapens M. Peters
683
16.4.
Comprehensive approach to implementation of the recommendations / D. Van Daele, A.C.M. Spapens M. Peters
685
About the authors / D. Van Daele, A.C.M. Spapens M. Peters
687
Appendices / D. Van Daele, A.C.M. Spapens M. Peters
691