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Forensic science / D.P. Lyle.
Lyle, D. P.; American Bar Association. Section of Criminal Justice.; American Bar Association. Section of Science & Technology Law.
2012
KF325 .A95 07028
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Author
Lyle, D. P.
Title
Forensic science / D.P. Lyle.
Uniform Title
American Bar Association archive publications.
Published
Chicago, Ill. : American Bar Association, [2012]
Copyright
℗2012
Call Number
KF325 .A95 07028
ISBN
9781614383529 (pbk.)
1614383529 (pbk.)
Description
xviii, 420 pages : illustrations ; 23 cm.
Other Standard Identifiers
hein6295850
System Control No.
(OCoLC)922937669
Note
"ABA Criminal Justice Section. ABA Section of Science & Technology Law"--Cover, page [4].
Includes index.
Reproduction
Microfiche. [Getzville, NY] : W.S. Hein Co., [2015]. 5 microfiche : negative ; 11 X 15 cm. American Bar Association archive publications.
Series
ABA fundamentals.
Available in Other Form
Print version: Lyle, D. P. Forensic science. Chicago, Ill. : American Bar Association, ℗2012. (IEL-L)6295850
Record Appears in
Shared Records
All Resources
Sub-location
/Cabinet 13-14/
Added Corporate Author
American Bar Association. Section of Criminal Justice.
American Bar Association. Section of Science & Technology Law.
Introduction
xvii
ch. 1
Basic Considerations and History
1
The Development of Forensic Science
2
The First Forensic Scientists
4
The Coroner and the Medical Examiner
5
Duties of the Coroner/Medical Examiner
7
The Coroner/Medical Examiner in the Courtroom
8
Crime Lab Origins
10
The CSI Effect
10
ch. 2
General Organization of Forensic Science
13
Criminalistics and Criminalists
15
Crime Lab Services
15
Biological Forensic Science Services
15
Physical Forensic Science Services
17
Ancillary Forensic Services
18
ch. 3
Evidence
19
Locard's Exchange Principle
19
Using Evidence
22
Evidence Classification
22
Physical and Biological Evidence
23
Direct and Circumstantial Evidence
23
Identification and Comparison
24
Class Versus Individual Characteristics
24
Reconstructive and Associative Evidence
27
The Crime Scene
27
Primary and Secondary Crime Scenes
28
Locating Unknown Crime Scenes
29
Evidence Handling
31
Evidence Location
31
Evidence Protection
32
Evidence Gathering
34
Chain of Custody
37
Crime Scene Reconstruction
38
Staged Crime Scenes
39
Search Warrants
40
Searching Without a Warrant
42
Evidence Standards of Acceptance
43
Frye v. United States
43
Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceutical, Inc.
43
ch. 4
The Autopsy
45
History of the Autopsy
45
Forensic Autopsy Milestones
47
The Pathologist: Clinical Versus Forensic
47
The Forensic Autopsy
48
Who Gets Autopsied?
48
The Autopsy Procedure
50
The Official Autopsy Report
53
ch. 5
Corpse Identification
55
Why Is Identification Important?
55
Basic Considerations
56
Getting Rid of the Body
57
Identifying the Corpse
58
Burial Artifacts
59
Body Marks, Diseases, and Scars
59
Fingerprints
61
Dental Comparisons
62
Blood Type and DNA
63
Cause of Death
64
Skeletal Remains
65
Are the Bones Human?
65
Biological Characteristics
66
Time Since Death
72
Cause and Manner of Death
73
Facial Reconstruction
75
Photographic Comparisons and Age Progressions
77
Multiple Corpses
79
ch. 6
Time of Death
81
The Importance of the Time of Death
82
Determining the Time of Death
83
Body Temperature
84
Rigor Mortis
86
Livor Mortis
88
Degree of Putrefaction
90
Stomach Contents
93
Corneal Cloudiness
94
Vitreous Potassium
94
Insect Activity
95
Scene Markers
96
Putting It All Together
97
ch. 7
Cause, Mechanism, and Manner of Death
99
The Cause and Mechanism of Death
100
The Five Manners of Death
101
The ME's Determination
102
The ME's Report
103
ch. 8
Traumatic Injuries
105
Guns and Bullets
105
Entry Wounds
107
Exit Wounds
110
Shotgun Wound Patterns
111
Sharp-Force Injuries
111
Stab Wounds
112
Incised Wounds
114
Chop Wounds
115
Blunt-Force Trauma
116
Abrasions
117
Contusions
118
Lacerations
121
Fractures
121
Trauma to Internal Organs
123
Head Injuries
124
Coup and Contrecoup Brain Injuries
128
Electrical Injuries
129
Low-Voltage Shocks
130
High-Voltage Shocks
130
Lightning
131
Bite Wounds
132
Rape Investigation
135
Fatal Assaults
136
ch. 9
Asphyxia
139
Suffocation
140
Strangulation
144
Toxic Chemicals
151
Drowning
155
ch. 10
Blood and Other Bodily Fluids
159
The Characteristics of Blood
160
The ABO System
160
Blood and the Serologist
165
Is It Blood?
166
Is It Human Blood?
168
Whose Blood Is It?
169
Paternity Testing
171
Other Bodily Fluids
173
Time Since Intercourse
176
ch. 11
DNA
179
The Structure of DNA
179
DNA and Forensic Science
183
DNA Matching: A Numbers Game
186
Degraded DNA
188
Locating DNA
189
Testing Paternity
194
Familial DNA
196
Mitochondrial and Y-Chromosomal DNA
197
The CODIS System
200
Plant and Animal DNA
202
ch. 12
Toxicology
205
What Is a Poison?
205
Historical Perspective
206
The Modern Toxicologist
208
Biotransformation
209
Visible Signs of Poisoning
210
Sample Collection
211
Toxicology and the Cause and Manner of Death
213
Toxicological Testing Procedures
216
The Two-Tiered System
216
Heavy Metal Testing
220
Interpreting the Results
221
Acute Versus Chronic Poisoning
223
Common Drugs, Poisons, and Toxins
224
CNS Depressants (Downers)
225
Alcohols
225
Opiates
229
Barbiturates
230
CNS Stimulants (Uppers)
231
Amphetamines
231
Cocaine
232
Hallucinogenic Drugs
232
Cannabinoids
233
Cacti and Mushrooms
234
LSD and Other Hallucinogenic Chemicals
234
Date Rape Drugs
235
Sniffing and Huffing
238
Corrosive Chemicals
238
Miscellaneous Toxins
238
ch. 13
Fingerprints
243
The History of Fingerprints
244
Anthropometry and Bertillonage
246
Ridge Patterns
248
Fingerprint Classification Systems
252
The Henry System
252
Locating and Collecting Fingerprints
254
Bloody Prints
257
Digitally Enhancing Prints
258
Fingerprints and DNA
258
Altered Fingerprints
258
Glove Prints
259
ch. 14
Bloodstains
261
Characteristics of Blood
263
Blood Spatter Patterns
264
Passive Bloodstain Patterns
264
Projected Blood Spatters
268
Spatter Classification
271
Spatter Mechanisms: Impact, Projection, and Combination
271
Spatter Velocity: Low, Medium, and High
272
Transfer Patterns
275
Blood Spatters and Crime Scene Reconstruction
276
ch. 15
Impressions: Shoes, Tires, and Tools
279
Shoe Impression Evidence
280
Class and Individual Shoe Print Evidence
282
Gathering and Analyzing Shoe Impression Evidence
284
Tire Impression Evidence
286
Gathering and Analyzing Tire Impression Evidence
288
Tool Mark Evidence
289
Fabric Impressions
292
ch. 16
Trace Evidence
293
Types of Trace Evidence
294
Hair
294
Structure of Hair
295
Hair Analysis
297
Fibers
300
Fiber Identification and Comparison
301
Glass
303
Physical Properties
304
Optical Properties
304
Chemical Properties
305
Glass Fracture Patterns
306
Paint
308
Soils and Plants
311
ch. 17
Firearms Examination
313
Weapon and Ammunition Components
314
Bullet and Shell Casing Examination
315
The Sacco and Vanzetti Case
317
Weapon Type
317
Bullet Examination
319
Shell Casing Examination
321
Gunshot Residues
323
Restoring Serial Numbers
324
National Ballistic Database Systems
325
ch. 18
Arson Investigation
327
Fires and Explosions
327
Motives for Arson
329
Arson Investigation
330
Point of Origin
330
Cause of the Fire
332
Accelerants
333
Homicidal Fires
335
Explosions
337
ch. 19
Questioned Documents
339
Handwriting
340
The Examination Process
343
Forgery
344
Altered Documents
346
Indented Writing
348
Paper and Ink
349
Typewriters and Photocopiers
353
Art Forgery
355
ch. 20
Criminal Psychology
357
The Forensic Psychiatric Professional
358
Psychiatric Testing
360
Competence and Sanity
361
Lies and Deceptions
363
Serial and Multiple Offenders
365
Multiple Murderer Classification
366
The Psychopathology of Serial Offenders
368
Serial Offender Profiling
370
Trophies and Souvenirs
375
MO Versus Signature
376
Victimology
377
Geographic Profiling
378
Linking Criminals and Crime Scenes
379
A Few Final Words
381
Appendix: Forensic Science Timeline
383
Index
389
About the Author
419

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