Antecedents. Harappan culture ; Vedic Aryans
Kingdoms and empires. The Mauryan empire ; The Deccan and the South
The classical age. Gupta and Harsha ; The southern rivals
The Delhi sultanate. The coming of Islam ; Southern dynasties
The Mughal era. The Mughals ; The Marathas ; The Sikhs ; The coming of the Europeans
The British empire in India. Company rule, 1757-1857 ; The British Raj, 1858-1947
The independence movement. Origins of the Congress and the Muslim League ; War, reforms, and agitation ; Mahatma Gandhi ; Political impasse and independence
Independent India. National integration ; Nehru's legacy ; The rise of Indira Gandhi ; Rajiv Gandhi
Setting
Geography. Principal regions ; Rivers ; Climate ; Earthquakes
Population. Structure and dynamics ; Population projections ; Population and family planning policy
Health. Health condition ; Health care
Education. Administration and funding ; Primary and secondary education ; Colleges and universities ; Education and society
The roots of Indian religion. The Vedas and polytheism ; Karma and liberation
The monastic path. Jainism ; Buddhism ; The tradition of the enlightened master
The worship of personal gods. Vishnu ; Shiva ; Brahma and the Hindu trinity ; The goddess ; Local deities
The ceremonies of Hinduism. Domestic worship ; Life-cycle rituals ; Public worship
Islam. Origins and tenets ; Islamic traditions in South Asia
Sikhism. Early history and tenets ; Twentieth-century developments
Other minority religions. Tribal religions ; Christianity ; Zoroastrianism ; Judaism
Modern transformations
Linguistic relations. Diversity, use, and policy ; Languages of India ; Hindi and English ; Linguistic states ; The social context of language
Ethnic minorities. Tribes ; Descendants of foreign groups
Regionalism. Telengana movement ; Jharkhand movement ; Uttarakhand ; Gorkhaland ; Ladakh ; The Northeast ; Outlook
Themes in Indian society. Hierarchy ; Purity and pollution ; Social interdependence
Family and kinship. Family ideals ; Variations in family structure ; Large kinship groups ; Family authority and harmony ; Veiling and the seclusion of women ; Life passages
Caste and class. Varna, caste, and other divisions ; Intercaste relations ; Changes in the caste system ; Classes ; The fringes of society
The village community. Settlement and structure ; Village unity and divisiveness
Urban life. The growth of cities ; Urban inequities ; Cities as centers
Future trends
Structure of the economy. Independence to 1979 ; Growth since 1980 ; Liberalization in the early 1990s
The role of government. Early policy developments ; Antipoverty programs ; Development planning
Finance. Budget ; Fiscal administration ; Monetary process
Foreign economic relations. Aid ; Trade ; Foreign-exchange system ; External debt
Labor. Size and composition of the work force ; Labor relations
Industry. Government policies ; Manufacturing ; Construction ; Energy ; Mining and quarrying
Transportation. Railroads ; Rapid transit ; The road system ; Motor vehicles ; Ports, maritime transportation, and inland waterways ; Civil aviation
Telecommunications. National policy ; Telephone ; Radio ; Television
Tourism
Science and technology. Origin and development ; Infrastructure and government role ; Resource allocation ; Major research organizations ; Prospects in science and technology
Land use. Himalayas ; Indo-Gangetic Plain ; Peninsular India
Land tenure. Landholding categories ; Land reform
Economic development. Evolution of policy ; Development programs
Production. Crop output ; The green revolution
Livestock and poultry
Forestry
Fishing
Agricultural credit
Agricultural taxation
Marketing, trade, and aid. Marketing and marketing services ; External trade ; External aid
Impact of economic reforms on agriculture
The constitutional framework. Fundamental rights ; Directive principles of state policy ; Group rights ; Emergency provisions and authoritarian powers
The structure of government. The legislature ; The executive ; The judiciary ; Election commission ; State governments and territories ; Local government ; The civil service
The political process. Elections ; Political parties ; Political issues ; Corruption and the anti-establishment vote
The media. The press ; Broadcast media
Foreign policy formulation. Role of the Prime Minister ; Ministry of External Affairs ; Other government organizations ; The role of political and interest groups
Determinants of foreign relations. Historical legacy ; Security perceptions ; Nonalignment
Overview of foreign relations. South Asia ; China ; Southeast Asia ; Middle East ; Central Asia ; Russia ; United States ; Britain, Australia, Canada, Western Europe, and Japan
Participation in international organizations. United Nations ; Commonwealth of Nations ; Nonaligned Movement ; South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
Post-colonial developments. Company armies ; The Indian military under the British Raj
Postindependence developments. The national forces ; The experience of wars ; Peacekeeping operations
National security structure. Civil-military relations ; Defense spending
Organization and equipment of the armed forces. The army ; The navy ; The air force ; Recruitment and training ; Conditions of services ; Uniforms, ranks, and insignias ; Paramilitary and reserve forces ; Space and nuclear programs ; Intelligence services ; Military justice
Public order and internal security. Military role expansion ; Civil liberties, human rights, and the armed forces ; Insurgent movements and external subversion
Law enforcement. National-level agencies ; State and other police services
The criminal justice system. Criminal law and procedure ; The penal system
National security challenges.