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Table of Contents
Emergence of the East Slavs. The peoples of the East European Plain ; The East Slavs and the Varangians ; The golden age of Kiev ; The rise of regional centers ; The Mongol invasion
Muscovy. The rise of Muscovy ; The evolution of Russian aristocracy ; Ivan IV ; The time of troubles ; The Romanovs ; Expansion and Westernization
Early imperial Russia. Peter the Great and the formation of the Russian empire ; Era of palace revolutions ; Imperial expansion and maturation: Catherine II
Ruling the empire. War and peace, 1796-1825 ; Period of reaction: Nicholas I, 1825-55
The transformation of imperial Russia. Economic developments ; Reforms and their limits, 1855-92 ; Foreign affairs after the Crimean War, 1856-93 ; The Age of Realism in literature ; The rise of revolutionary Populism and Russian Marxism, 1855-90 ; Serge Witte and accelerated industrialization, 1891-1903 ; The development of radical political parties, 1892-1904 ; Imperialism in Asia and the Russo-Japanese War, 1894-1905
The last years of tsardom. The revolution of 1905 and counterrevolution, 1905-07 ; The tenuous regimes of Stolypin and Kokovstev, 1907-14 ; The return to an active Balkan policy, 1906-13 ; Russia at war, 1914-16 ; The strains of the war effort and the weakening of tsarism
Revolutions and civil war. The February Revolution ; The period of dual power ; The Bolshevik Revolution ; Civil war and war communism
The era of the new economic policy ; Lenin's leadership ; Stalin's rise to power ; Foreign policy, 1921-28 ; Society and culture in the 1920s
Transformation and terror. Industrialization and collectivization ; The period of the purges ; Mobilization of society ; Foreign policy, 1928-39
War years. Prelude to war ; The Great Patriotic War
Reconstruction and cold war. Reconstruction years ; The Cold War ; Death of Stalin
The Khrushchev era. Collective leadership and the rise of Khrushchev ; Foreign policy under Khrushchev ; Khrushchev's reforms and fall
The Brezhnev era. Collective leadership and the rise of Brezhnev ; Foreign policy of a superpower ; The economy ; Culture and the arts ; Death of Brezhnev
Physical environment. Global position and boundaries ; Administrative-political-territorial divisions ; Topography and drainage ; Climate ; Natural resources ; Environmental concerns
Population. Vital statistics ; Age and sex structure ; Mortality and fertility ; Urbanization ; Migration ; Distribution and density ; Marriage, divorce, and the family ; Population problems and policies
[Cont.] Nationalities of the Soviet Union. Slavic nationalities; Baltic nationalities ; Nationalities of the Caucasus ; Central Asian nationalities ; Other major nationalities
Religious groups in the Soviet Union. Orthodox ; Armenian Apostolic ; Catholic ; Protestant ; Muslim
Policy toward nationalities and religions in practice
Manifestations of national assertiveness. Baltic nationalities ; Armenians ; Ukrainians ; Central Asian nationalities ; Russians ; Other nationalities
Formation of Soviet society
Stratification of Soviet society. Socio-occupational groupings ; Other determinants of social position ; Benefits of social position ; Urban-rural cleavage
Social mobility
Social organizations. Trade unions ; Youth organizations ; Sports organizations
Gender and family roles. Role of women ; Male-female relationships ; The Soviet family
Education. Philosophy and aims ; Control and administration ; Pedagogy and planning ; Institutions of learning ; Quality, reform, and funding
Health care. Provision of medical care ; Declining health care in the 1970s and 1980s
Welfare. Pension system ; Worker's compensation ; Other assistance
Lenin's conception of the party. Theoretical underpinnings ; Democratic centralism
Party legitimacy
Central party institutions. Party Congress ; Party Conference ; Central Committee ; Central Auditing Commission ; Party Control Committee ; Politburo ; Secretariat ; Commissions ; General Secretary: power and authority
Intermediate-level party organizations. Republic party organization ; Oblast-level organization ; District- and city-level organization
Primary party organization
Nomenklatura. The party's appointment authority ; Patron-client relations
Party membership. Selection procedures ; Training
Social composition of the party
Constitutional authority of government. Early Soviet constitutions ; The 1977 Constitution
Central government. Administrative organs ; Congress of People's Deputies ; Supreme Soviet ; Control organs
Territorial administration. Republic level ; Provincial and district levels
Elections
Politicization of the mass media and the arts. Leninist principles ; Socialist realism
Administration of the mass media and the arts. The party role ; The government role
The mass media. Newspapers ; Magazines and journals ; Radio ; Television and video cassette recorders ; Computers
The arts. Literature ; Cinema ; Theater ; Music ; Painting, sculpture, and the graphic arts
[Cont.] Ideology and objectives
Foreign policy making and execution. The foreign policy makers ; Departments of the Central Committee ; Higher state and government organizations ; The Congress of People's Deputies and the Supreme Soviet ; The Council of Ministers and its Presidium ; The Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Instruments of influence. Diplomatic relations ; Party and state visits abroad ; Friendship and cooperation treaties ; Communist parties abroad
Soviet-United States relations
Soviet-West European relations. France ; West Germany ; Britain ; Spain and Portugal ; Scandinavia
Soviet-East European relations
Sino-Soviet relations
Soviet-Japanese relations
The Soviet Union and the Third World. Middle East and North Africa ; Asia ; Sub-Saharan Africa ; Central America and South America
The Soviet Union and nuclear arms control
The Soviet Union and the United Nations
Economic structure. Nature of the national economy ; Labor ; Retail and wholesale distribution system ; Financial system
Economic planning and control. Planning process ; Reforming of the planning system ; Tools of control
Economic policy. Past priorities ; The twelfth Five-Year Plan, 1986-90
Development of Soviet industry
Industrial resources. Raw materials ; Geographic location factors ; The territorial production complexes and geographic expansion ; The labor force and perestroika
Industrial organization. The complexes and the ministries ; The industrial planning system ; Structural reform of industry ; The military-industrial complex ; Industrial research and design
Machine building and metal working. The structure and status of the machine-building and metal-working complex ; The planning and investment process of the machine-building and metal-working complex ; The location of the machine-building industry ; The automotive industry ; The electronics industry
Metallurgy. Role of metallurgy ; Metallurgy planning and problems ; Metallurgical combine locations and major producers ; Nonferrous metals
Chemicals. Plastics ; Petrochemicals ; Other branches of the chemical industry ; Chemical planning goals
Fuels. Fuel resource base ; Oil ; Natural gas ; Coal ; Uranium
Power engineering. Energy planning goals ; The balance among energy sources ; Obstacles to power supply ; Heat and cogeneration
The consumer industry. Consumer supply in the 1980s ; The logic and goals of consumer production ; Textiles and wood pulp
Policy and administration. Stalin's legacy ; Evolution of an integrated food policy
Land use
Production. Grain ; Technical crops ; Forage crops ; Potatoes and vegetables ; Other crops ; Animal husbandry ; Forestry ; Fishing ; The twelfth Five-Year Plan, 1986-90
[Cont.] Railroads. Historical background, 1913-39 ; World War II ; The postwar period, 1946-60 ; Organization and equipment of the railroads ; Passenger operations ; The Baykal-Amur Main Line ; Other new construction ; Metropolitan railways
Automotive transport. Development of automotive transport ; Freight transportation by trucks ; Passenger transportation
Inland waterways. Development of inland waterways ; The waterway system ; River ports and facilities ; Passenger transportation
Merchant marine. Initial developments ; Fleet operations
Civil aviation. Postwar evolution of Aeroflot ; Aeroflot operations
Pipelines
Communications
Development of the state monopoly on foreign trade
Structure of the foreign trade bureaucracy. Administration ; Operation ; Structural reforms, 1986 to mid-1988
Trade with socialist countries. The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance ; Yugoslavia ; China ; Cambodia, Laos, and North Korea
Trade with Western industrialized countries. The United States ; Western Europe ; Japan ; Finland
Trade with third world countries. Balance of trade ; Composition of trade ; Africa, Asia, and Latin America ; Countries of socialist orientation ; Trade with the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
Gorbachev's economic reforms
Early development
The administration of science and technology. Policy making ; Planning ; Financing
Science and technology
Research, development, and production organizations
Soviet innovation: problems and solutions ; Technology and information transfer ; Military research and development
Training
Marxist-Leninist theory of war. War as a continuation of politics ; Laws of war
The party and military doctrine and policy. Evolution of military doctrine ; Military doctrine in the late 1980s ; Doctrine and weapons programs ; Military policy of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Military science. Laws of armed conflict ; Principles of military art ; Military art
Strategic missions of the armed forces. Threat assessments and force requirements ; Offensive and defensive strategic missions
Global strategic concerns. Force projection on the periphery ; Military presence in the Third World
Arms control and military objectives. Strategic arms control ; Objectives in space ; Intermediate-range nuclear forces arms control ; Conventional arms control
[Cont.] Organizational development and combat experience
Strategic leadership of the armed forces. Defense council ; Main military council ; Ministry of defense ; General staff
The armed services. Strategic rocket forces ; Ground forces ; Air forces ; Air defense forces ; Naval forces ; Airborne troops and special purpose troops ; Rear services ; Civil defense ; Specialized and paramilitary forces
Territorial organization of the armed forces. Military districts ; Fleets, flotillas, and squadrons ; Groups of forces stationed abroad
The party and the armed forces. Political-military relations ; Military representation in the party ; Part control in the armed forces
Military economics. Defense spending ; Military industries and production ; Military technology
Uniforms and rank insignia
Military manpower. Premilitary training ; Conscripts ; Officers ; Reserves and wartime mobilization
Predecessors of the committee for state security and the ministry of internal affairs. The tsarist period ; Soviet predecessor organizations, 1917-54
The security apparatus and Kremlin politics. Khrushchev period ; After Krushchev ; Gorbachev era
Organization of the committee for state security. Structure ; Functions and internal organization ; Party control ; Personnel
Domestic security and the committee for state security. Legal prerogatives ; Policy ; Special departments in the armed forces
The foreign intelligence role of the committee for state security. Organization ; Intelligence and counterintelligence ; Active measures ; Influence on foreign policy
The ministry of internal affairs. Functions and organization ; Leadership ; Control by the party
The ministry of internal affairs, the judicial organs, and nonpolitical crime. Socialist legality ; The procuracy ; Military justice ; The judiciary and the legal profession ; Legal codes and abuses of the system ; Nonpolitical crime and punishment
Internal security troops. Border Troops of the Committee for State Security ; Security Troops of the Committee for State Security ; Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
Muscovy. The rise of Muscovy ; The evolution of Russian aristocracy ; Ivan IV ; The time of troubles ; The Romanovs ; Expansion and Westernization
Early imperial Russia. Peter the Great and the formation of the Russian empire ; Era of palace revolutions ; Imperial expansion and maturation: Catherine II
Ruling the empire. War and peace, 1796-1825 ; Period of reaction: Nicholas I, 1825-55
The transformation of imperial Russia. Economic developments ; Reforms and their limits, 1855-92 ; Foreign affairs after the Crimean War, 1856-93 ; The Age of Realism in literature ; The rise of revolutionary Populism and Russian Marxism, 1855-90 ; Serge Witte and accelerated industrialization, 1891-1903 ; The development of radical political parties, 1892-1904 ; Imperialism in Asia and the Russo-Japanese War, 1894-1905
The last years of tsardom. The revolution of 1905 and counterrevolution, 1905-07 ; The tenuous regimes of Stolypin and Kokovstev, 1907-14 ; The return to an active Balkan policy, 1906-13 ; Russia at war, 1914-16 ; The strains of the war effort and the weakening of tsarism
Revolutions and civil war. The February Revolution ; The period of dual power ; The Bolshevik Revolution ; Civil war and war communism
The era of the new economic policy ; Lenin's leadership ; Stalin's rise to power ; Foreign policy, 1921-28 ; Society and culture in the 1920s
Transformation and terror. Industrialization and collectivization ; The period of the purges ; Mobilization of society ; Foreign policy, 1928-39
War years. Prelude to war ; The Great Patriotic War
Reconstruction and cold war. Reconstruction years ; The Cold War ; Death of Stalin
The Khrushchev era. Collective leadership and the rise of Khrushchev ; Foreign policy under Khrushchev ; Khrushchev's reforms and fall
The Brezhnev era. Collective leadership and the rise of Brezhnev ; Foreign policy of a superpower ; The economy ; Culture and the arts ; Death of Brezhnev
Physical environment. Global position and boundaries ; Administrative-political-territorial divisions ; Topography and drainage ; Climate ; Natural resources ; Environmental concerns
Population. Vital statistics ; Age and sex structure ; Mortality and fertility ; Urbanization ; Migration ; Distribution and density ; Marriage, divorce, and the family ; Population problems and policies
[Cont.] Nationalities of the Soviet Union. Slavic nationalities; Baltic nationalities ; Nationalities of the Caucasus ; Central Asian nationalities ; Other major nationalities
Religious groups in the Soviet Union. Orthodox ; Armenian Apostolic ; Catholic ; Protestant ; Muslim
Policy toward nationalities and religions in practice
Manifestations of national assertiveness. Baltic nationalities ; Armenians ; Ukrainians ; Central Asian nationalities ; Russians ; Other nationalities
Formation of Soviet society
Stratification of Soviet society. Socio-occupational groupings ; Other determinants of social position ; Benefits of social position ; Urban-rural cleavage
Social mobility
Social organizations. Trade unions ; Youth organizations ; Sports organizations
Gender and family roles. Role of women ; Male-female relationships ; The Soviet family
Education. Philosophy and aims ; Control and administration ; Pedagogy and planning ; Institutions of learning ; Quality, reform, and funding
Health care. Provision of medical care ; Declining health care in the 1970s and 1980s
Welfare. Pension system ; Worker's compensation ; Other assistance
Lenin's conception of the party. Theoretical underpinnings ; Democratic centralism
Party legitimacy
Central party institutions. Party Congress ; Party Conference ; Central Committee ; Central Auditing Commission ; Party Control Committee ; Politburo ; Secretariat ; Commissions ; General Secretary: power and authority
Intermediate-level party organizations. Republic party organization ; Oblast-level organization ; District- and city-level organization
Primary party organization
Nomenklatura. The party's appointment authority ; Patron-client relations
Party membership. Selection procedures ; Training
Social composition of the party
Constitutional authority of government. Early Soviet constitutions ; The 1977 Constitution
Central government. Administrative organs ; Congress of People's Deputies ; Supreme Soviet ; Control organs
Territorial administration. Republic level ; Provincial and district levels
Elections
Politicization of the mass media and the arts. Leninist principles ; Socialist realism
Administration of the mass media and the arts. The party role ; The government role
The mass media. Newspapers ; Magazines and journals ; Radio ; Television and video cassette recorders ; Computers
The arts. Literature ; Cinema ; Theater ; Music ; Painting, sculpture, and the graphic arts
[Cont.] Ideology and objectives
Foreign policy making and execution. The foreign policy makers ; Departments of the Central Committee ; Higher state and government organizations ; The Congress of People's Deputies and the Supreme Soviet ; The Council of Ministers and its Presidium ; The Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Instruments of influence. Diplomatic relations ; Party and state visits abroad ; Friendship and cooperation treaties ; Communist parties abroad
Soviet-United States relations
Soviet-West European relations. France ; West Germany ; Britain ; Spain and Portugal ; Scandinavia
Soviet-East European relations
Sino-Soviet relations
Soviet-Japanese relations
The Soviet Union and the Third World. Middle East and North Africa ; Asia ; Sub-Saharan Africa ; Central America and South America
The Soviet Union and nuclear arms control
The Soviet Union and the United Nations
Economic structure. Nature of the national economy ; Labor ; Retail and wholesale distribution system ; Financial system
Economic planning and control. Planning process ; Reforming of the planning system ; Tools of control
Economic policy. Past priorities ; The twelfth Five-Year Plan, 1986-90
Development of Soviet industry
Industrial resources. Raw materials ; Geographic location factors ; The territorial production complexes and geographic expansion ; The labor force and perestroika
Industrial organization. The complexes and the ministries ; The industrial planning system ; Structural reform of industry ; The military-industrial complex ; Industrial research and design
Machine building and metal working. The structure and status of the machine-building and metal-working complex ; The planning and investment process of the machine-building and metal-working complex ; The location of the machine-building industry ; The automotive industry ; The electronics industry
Metallurgy. Role of metallurgy ; Metallurgy planning and problems ; Metallurgical combine locations and major producers ; Nonferrous metals
Chemicals. Plastics ; Petrochemicals ; Other branches of the chemical industry ; Chemical planning goals
Fuels. Fuel resource base ; Oil ; Natural gas ; Coal ; Uranium
Power engineering. Energy planning goals ; The balance among energy sources ; Obstacles to power supply ; Heat and cogeneration
The consumer industry. Consumer supply in the 1980s ; The logic and goals of consumer production ; Textiles and wood pulp
Policy and administration. Stalin's legacy ; Evolution of an integrated food policy
Land use
Production. Grain ; Technical crops ; Forage crops ; Potatoes and vegetables ; Other crops ; Animal husbandry ; Forestry ; Fishing ; The twelfth Five-Year Plan, 1986-90
[Cont.] Railroads. Historical background, 1913-39 ; World War II ; The postwar period, 1946-60 ; Organization and equipment of the railroads ; Passenger operations ; The Baykal-Amur Main Line ; Other new construction ; Metropolitan railways
Automotive transport. Development of automotive transport ; Freight transportation by trucks ; Passenger transportation
Inland waterways. Development of inland waterways ; The waterway system ; River ports and facilities ; Passenger transportation
Merchant marine. Initial developments ; Fleet operations
Civil aviation. Postwar evolution of Aeroflot ; Aeroflot operations
Pipelines
Communications
Development of the state monopoly on foreign trade
Structure of the foreign trade bureaucracy. Administration ; Operation ; Structural reforms, 1986 to mid-1988
Trade with socialist countries. The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance ; Yugoslavia ; China ; Cambodia, Laos, and North Korea
Trade with Western industrialized countries. The United States ; Western Europe ; Japan ; Finland
Trade with third world countries. Balance of trade ; Composition of trade ; Africa, Asia, and Latin America ; Countries of socialist orientation ; Trade with the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
Gorbachev's economic reforms
Early development
The administration of science and technology. Policy making ; Planning ; Financing
Science and technology
Research, development, and production organizations
Soviet innovation: problems and solutions ; Technology and information transfer ; Military research and development
Training
Marxist-Leninist theory of war. War as a continuation of politics ; Laws of war
The party and military doctrine and policy. Evolution of military doctrine ; Military doctrine in the late 1980s ; Doctrine and weapons programs ; Military policy of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Military science. Laws of armed conflict ; Principles of military art ; Military art
Strategic missions of the armed forces. Threat assessments and force requirements ; Offensive and defensive strategic missions
Global strategic concerns. Force projection on the periphery ; Military presence in the Third World
Arms control and military objectives. Strategic arms control ; Objectives in space ; Intermediate-range nuclear forces arms control ; Conventional arms control
[Cont.] Organizational development and combat experience
Strategic leadership of the armed forces. Defense council ; Main military council ; Ministry of defense ; General staff
The armed services. Strategic rocket forces ; Ground forces ; Air forces ; Air defense forces ; Naval forces ; Airborne troops and special purpose troops ; Rear services ; Civil defense ; Specialized and paramilitary forces
Territorial organization of the armed forces. Military districts ; Fleets, flotillas, and squadrons ; Groups of forces stationed abroad
The party and the armed forces. Political-military relations ; Military representation in the party ; Part control in the armed forces
Military economics. Defense spending ; Military industries and production ; Military technology
Uniforms and rank insignia
Military manpower. Premilitary training ; Conscripts ; Officers ; Reserves and wartime mobilization
Predecessors of the committee for state security and the ministry of internal affairs. The tsarist period ; Soviet predecessor organizations, 1917-54
The security apparatus and Kremlin politics. Khrushchev period ; After Krushchev ; Gorbachev era
Organization of the committee for state security. Structure ; Functions and internal organization ; Party control ; Personnel
Domestic security and the committee for state security. Legal prerogatives ; Policy ; Special departments in the armed forces
The foreign intelligence role of the committee for state security. Organization ; Intelligence and counterintelligence ; Active measures ; Influence on foreign policy
The ministry of internal affairs. Functions and organization ; Leadership ; Control by the party
The ministry of internal affairs, the judicial organs, and nonpolitical crime. Socialist legality ; The procuracy ; Military justice ; The judiciary and the legal profession ; Legal codes and abuses of the system ; Nonpolitical crime and punishment
Internal security troops. Border Troops of the Committee for State Security ; Security Troops of the Committee for State Security ; Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.