Freedom of expression and the Internet / by Wolfgang Benedek and Matthias C. Kettemann.
2013
K3253 .B46 2013 (Map It)
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Details
Author
Title
Freedom of expression and the Internet / by Wolfgang Benedek and Matthias C. Kettemann.
Published
Strasbourg : Council of Europe Publishing, [2013]
Copyright
©2013
Call Number
K3253 .B46 2013
ISBN
9789287177025 (paperback)
9287177023 (paperback)
9287177023 (paperback)
Description
190 pages ; 25 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)870264126
Summary
With the rise of the Internet, the opportunities to express oneself have grown exponentially, as have the challenges to freedom of expression. From the Arab Spring to the global Occupy movement, freedom of expression on the Internet has had a profound impact on the debates which shape our future. At the same time, an increasing number of states use the Internet to spy on journalists and citizens, to prosecute and jail bloggers, and to censor online information. This book sets out to answer essential questions regarding the extent and limits of freedom of expression online. It seeks to shed light on the often obscure landscape of what we are allowed to say online and how our ideas, and the process of imparting and receiving information, are protected. It shows the large ambit of rights protected by freedom of expression including freedom of the media and the right to access information via the Internet. It also highlights the importance of the standard-setting, monitoring, and promotion activities of international and non-governmental organisations, with a chapter on relevant national practices that illustrates how different states deal with the challenge that the Internet has brought to ensuring freedom of expression for all.
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references (pages 173-190).
Record Appears in
Added Author
Table of Contents
List of abbreviations
7
Table of cases
9
Preface
13
1.
Introduction: the challenges of ensuring freedom of expression on the Internet
17
2.
The content of freedom of expression online
23
2.1.
Main elements of the right
23
2.1.1.
Freedom of opinion
26
2.1.2.
Freedom of information
27
2.1.3.
Freedom of the press and the media
28
2.1.4.
Freedom of international communication
32
2.1.5.
Freedom of artistic expression
33
2.1.6.
Freedom of cultural expression
35
2.1.7.
Freedom of science
36
2.1.8.
A new freedom? Internet freedom and openness
36
2.1.9.
Right to anonymity
37
2.1.10.
Right to whistle-blowing
38
2.2.
Corollary rights: freedom of assembly and association, right to education and access to knowledge
39
2.3.
Right to access to the Internet
41
3.
Restrictions on freedom of expression online
45
3.1.
Principles and problems
45
3.2.
Criteria for restrictions and the practice of the Court in Internet cases
47
3.2.1.
Criteria for restrictions
47
3.2.2.
The practice of the Court
48
3.3.
Conclusion
54
4.
Standard-setting by the Council of Europe and non-state actors
55
4.1.
The context: the role of human rights in Internet governance
55
4.2.
Activities of the Council of Europe: awareness raising and standard-setting
56
4.2.1.
Recommendations and declarations
57
4.2.2.
Guidelines and recommendations for business
62
4.3.
Activities of non-state actors
66
4.3.1.
The Charter on Human Rights and Principles for the Internet
66
4.3.2.
Standard-setting in the private sector
68
4.3.3.
Transparency to protect freedom of expression
69
5.
Specific issues
73
5.1.
Internet content regulation and freedom of expression
74
5.2.
Access to the Internet as a precondition for freedom of expression online
75
5.3.
Technological neutrality and freedom of expression
78
5.4.
Network neutrality and freedom of expression
79
5.5.
Characteristics of protected and unprotected speech online
81
5.6.
Fighting online hate speech
82
5.7.
Defamation, reputation and freedom of expression online
88
5.8.
Protection of children in light of freedom of expression
92
5.9.
Freedom of expression and Internet domain names
93
5.10.
The role of Internet intermediaries
97
5.11.
Freedom of expression in social networks
98
5.12.
Private and public spaces on the Internet
102
5.13.
Transcending the national level
107
6.
Relevant practice on the national level
109
6.1.
Jurisdiction and freedom of expression online
110
6.1.1.
France v. US and Yahoo! v. LICRA: a tale of two countries and two courts
110
6.1.2.
UK: the Internet comes under national jurisdiction
111
6.2.
Access and freedom of expression online
111
6.2.1.
Egypt: Internet shutdowns
112
6.2.2.
Internet access as a protected right in 20 Council of Europe member states
113
6.3.
Copyright and freedom of expression online
115
6.3.1.
France: the limits to enforcing copyright
115
6.3.2.
European Union: citizen activism for freedom of expression
116
6.4.
Public and private violations of freedom of expression online
118
6.4.1.
United Kingdom: limits of freedom of expression online -- and the limits of these limits
118
6.4.2.
Twitter in France, Germany and the US: testing boundaries of free speech
119
6.4.3.
United Kingdom: private censorship through hotlines
119
6.5.
Powerful Internet companies and national laws: who wins the battle for freedom of expression?
120
6.5.1.
Germany: regional approaches to ensuring pseudonymity
121
6.5.2.
Google Italy: personalising (criminal) liability for online content
122
6.5.3.
UK: publisher's liability for Google confirmed
123
6.5.4.
UK, Germany and the Council of Europe: whistle-blowing as a human right
124
6.6.
Business and freedom of expression online
126
6.6.1.
Tajikistan: no complicity of companies in censorship
126
6.6.2.
EU: does the export of censorship and surveillance technology violate human rights?
127
7.
European monitoring mechanisms
129
7.1.
Council of Europe Internet governance strategy
129
7.2.
Monitoring by Council of Europe bodies
130
7.2.1.
The Committee of Ministers
130
7.2.2.
The Parliamentary Assembly
131
7.2.3.
The Secretary General
132
7.2.4.
The Commissioner for Human Rights
132
7.2.5.
The European Court of Human Rights
134
7.2.6.
The Council of Europe's other monitoring bodies
134
7.2.7.
The European Committee on Social Rights
135
7.2.8.
The Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (FCNM)
136
7.2.9.
The European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI)
137
7.2.10.
Capacity building
138
7.3.
Monitoring by the OSCE and the EU
138
7.3.1.
The OSCE
138
7.3.2.
The EU
139
7.4.
European hotlines
141
7.5.
Civil society watchdogs
144
8.
Promotion of freedom of expression online
149
8.1.
The Council of Europe
149
8.2.
The European Union
152
8.3.
The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)
153
8.4.
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
157
8.5.
The UN Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Opinion and Expression
158
8.6.
Initiatives by individual states
159
9.
Conclusions
161
9.1.
Freedom of expression as the key right of the Internet age
161
9.2.
Setting standards for free speech online: the impact of the Council of Europe
163
9.3.
Protecting Internet-based freedom of expression: a daily challenge
164
9.4.
The corrective function of the European Court of Human Rights
165
9.5.
Judges outside the courtroom: monitoring freedom of expression
166
9.6.
Taking things one step further: promoting freedom of expression
167
9.7.
Freedom of expression on the Internet: a catalyst and an enabler of human rights
168
Executive summary
171
Bibliography
173