Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Acknowledgments
Contents
Preface: A Word to My Colleagues
Chapter One: Empowering the Social Sector
What Is a Social Enterprise?
Competing Definitions
Defining through Organizational Structure
The "Social Good" Trap
Our Definition for the Purposes of This Book
The Origins of Social Enterprise
The Nonprofit, Tax-Exempt Sector
The For-Profit Sector
Recent Trends in Social Enterprise: New Legal Forms and Concerns
New Legal Structures for Social Enterprises
The Emergence of Venture Philanthropy and New Funding Sources
Overview of the Book
Chapter 2: Vetting the Social Enterprise Business Model
Chapter 3: Zeroing In on the Right Business Form
Chapter 4: Governing the Nonprofit Social Enterprise
Chapter 5: Governing the For-Profit Social Enterprise
Chapter 6: Multi-Organizational Structures
Chapter 7: Funding
Chapter 8: Securing Certification
Chapter 9: To What End?: Measuring the Impact of the Social Enterprise
Chapter Two: Vetting the Social Enterprise's Business Model
Finding the Right Cause and Determining the Desired Social Impact
Assessing the Opportunities and Risks Involved
Forecasting the Potential Social Impact
Selecting the Business Form:
Available Funding and Allocation of Resources
Entity Choice and Available Income Streams
Entity Choice and Resource Conservation
Saving Resources through the Use of Volunteers
Sustainable Demand for Mission-Driven Products
Chapter Three: Zeroing In on the Right Business Form
Hybrid Organizations
L3Cs (Low-Profit Limited Liability Companies)
Benefit Corporations
Flexible Purpose Corporations
Michigan Public and Triple Benefit Corporations
Minnesota Community Enhancement Corporations
Cooperatives (Co-ops)
Producer Cooperatives.

Consumer Cooperatives
Multistakeholder Cooperatives
Cooperatives-Formation Issues
Cooperatives-Federal Taxation Aspects
Cooperatives-Governance
Chapter Four: Governing the Nonprofit, Tax-Exempt Social Enterprise
Advantages to Tax-Exempt Status
Nonprofit, Tax-Exempt Corporations
Ownership and Management
Tax-Exempt Status
Fiduciary Duties Owed in Nonprofit, Tax-Exempt Corporation Settings
Sample Conflict of Interest Policy
Unincorporated Nonprofit Associations
Background
Model Acts
Tax-Exempt Status
Duties of Members and Managers
Distributions and the Threat of Private Inurement for Tax-Exempt Social Enterprises
Private Inurement
Private Inurement-Multi-Organizational Structures
Commercial Reasonableness
Compensation Considerations
Excess Benefit Transactions
Exempt Organization Checklist
Political and Legislative Activities
Political Activities
Lobbying Activities
Volunteer Labor-Unrelated Business Income Exception
State Laws Dealing with Charitable Organizations
Illinois' Approach
Maryland's Approach
New York's Approach
The Unified Registration Statement (URS)
State-Specific Registration Requirements
Chapter Five: Governing the For-Profit Social Enterprise
The Business Corporation
Ownership and Management
Tax Status
Fiduciary Duties Owed in Traditional For-Profit Corporate Settings
The Benefit Corporation
Ownership and Management
Tax Status
Fiduciary Duties Owed in Benefit Corporate Settings
The Limited Liability Company
Ownership and Management
Tax Status
Fiduciary Duties Owed by Managers and Members
"L3C" The Low-Profit Limited Liability Company
Ownership and Management
Tax Status
Fiduciary Duties of Loyalty and Care Owed in the L3C Setting
Constituency Statutes.

Compensation and Benefits in the For-Profit Social Enterprise
Business Judgment Protection
Federal Law and Executive Compensation
Chapter Six: Multi-Organizational Structures
Unrelated Business Taxable Income (UBTI) Considerations
Corporation or Flow-Through Entity?
Corporate Considerations
Flow-Through Considerations
Sharing Personnel
Employee Benefit Plan Considerations
Sharing of Office Space/Furniture/Equipment
Chapter Seven: Capitalizing the Social Enterprise
Access to Capital
Grants and Contributions
Attracting Private Foundation Investments
Program-Related Investments
Mission-Related Investments
Socially Responsible Investments
Cause-Related Marketing
Sponsorships
Endorsements
Fiscal Sponsorship
Governmental Assistance
Community Development Financing Fund
United Farm Credit System
Economic Development Companies
Community Advantage
Startup America
Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance
Issuance of Securities
Federal Securities Law Compliance
State Securities Law Compliance and Preemption by Federal Securities Laws
Funding Networks: Social Enterprises Helping Each Other
Venture Philanthropy
Pay-for-Success/Social Impact Bonds
Additional Funding Sources
Chapter Eight: Securing Certification
Social Enterprise Accreditation
Fair Trade Movement Certifications
"Green" Companies
Certified Economic Development Companies
Certification Requirements under the Small Business Investment Act
Certification Requirements under SBA Rules and Guidelines
B Corporation Certification
B Lab Certification Process
Chapter Nine: To What End? Measuring the Impact of the Social Enterprise
Revisiting the Social Impact Theory: Knowing Where You Are Going
Performance Measurement.

Creating a Universal Method of Measuring Social Impact and Ultimate Value
The Iris Model
Center for What Works Model
The Gates Foundation and Actionable Measurement
Supply and Demand Model: Looking to Value without Direct Reference to Social Impact
The Importance of Measuring Social Impact
Bibliography
Primary Sources
Table of Cases
Administrative and Legislative Materials
Secondary Sources
Social Enterprises and Related Organizations
Glossary
Index
About the Author.